B2 Flashcards

1
Q

discuss the differences between a bengin and malignant tumour

A

a benign tumour is the growth of cells contained in one place, usually within a membrane. it isn’t cancerous and grows until there is no more room. it doesn’t invade other tissues and if it causes pressure or damage to an organ it can be dangerous.

malignant tumour is cancerous, the tumor grows and spreads to other tissues. the tumour may split up, resulting in cells being carried in the bloodstream or lymphatic system. they can travel to and stay in another organ, potentially causing secondary tumours. the cancer cells divide more rapidly and have a longer life span in comparison to normal cells.

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2
Q

what is cancer

A

uncontrolled growth and division of the cells

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3
Q

what does the Benedict’s test, test for

A

sugar

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4
Q

what is a positive result for the Benedict test

A

brick red colour

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5
Q

what does the Iodine’s test, test for

A

starch

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6
Q

what is a positive result for the Iodine test

A

blue-black colour

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7
Q

what does the Biuret’s test, test for

A

proteins

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8
Q

what is a positive result for the Biuret test

A

purple colour

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9
Q

what is a positive result for the Emulsion test

A

when ethanol is added, there is a cloudy layer if a lipid is present

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10
Q

what does the Emulsion test, test for

A

lipids

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11
Q

what does the Sudan III test for

A

lipids

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12
Q

what is a positive result for the Sudan III test

A

red layer forms on top

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13
Q

where is bile produced in

A

liver

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14
Q

where is bile stored in

A

gallbladder

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15
Q

what are the two roles of bile

A
  • neutralise the HCL which comes from the stomach
  • emulsifies large drops of fat into smaller ones
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16
Q

rate of reaction =

A

change/time

17
Q

what organs is the digestive system made out of

A

glands (salivary and pancreas), stomach, small and large intestine, liver

18
Q

what are enzymes

A

BIOLOGICAL catalysts

19
Q

What does the Lock and Key Hypothesis state

A

the shape of the active site matches the shape of its substrate molecules

20
Q

if an enzyme is denatured by temperature (37 degrees) or pH can it go back to its original shape

A

only for pH (7)

21
Q

where is carbohydrase produced

A

small intestine, pancreas, glands

22
Q

where is protease produced

A

stomach but other forms can be found in pancreas and small intestine

23
Q

where is lipase produced

A

pancreas and small intestine

24
Q

True or Flase? A tissue is a group of cells of only one type which work together to perform a function

A

FALSE. A tissue doesn’t have to be made up of only one cell type, it can include more than one type of cell

25
Q

what is the role of the epithelial tissue

A

they line the tissue of organs

26
Q

explain how the change in blood flow to the athlete’s muscles helps him to run

A

blood flow increases wen the runner is running. this results in more oxygen and glucose supplied to the runner (for more respiration therefore releasing more energy for muscle contraction)

() is where marks were lost

27
Q

explain how the change in blood flow to the athlete’s muscles helps him to run

A

blood flow increases wen the runner is running. this reults in more oxygen and glucose supplied to the runner (for more respiration therefore releasing more energy for muscle contraction)

() is where marks were lost

28
Q

some people who take beta blockers get out of breath when they exercise [ao3]. suggest why they can have this effect.

A

when we exercise, we respire more and release more energy therefore we need more oxygen.

beta blockers reduce heart rate during exercise. they reduce stroke volume therefore it reduces cardiac output and therefore the heart cannot supply oxygen fast enough.

therefore, the breathing rate increases to increase the rate of oxygen absorbed and remove the co2 from the body. however, the increased breathing rate cannot keep up with the changes in the heart function.

so those who take beta blockers get out of breath when they exercise because it lowers the heart rate

29
Q

what is the active site of an enzyme

A

the active site is part of the enzyme that the substrate fits into

30
Q

how is a tumour formed

A

it happens when the cell cycle sequence is lost and cells grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way

31
Q

a person with CF has cells that line the lungs and digestive system create too much mucus. this blocks the duct leading from the pancreas to the small intestines. it also blocks the tubes leading to the alveoli in the lungs. explain why children with CF grow more slowly than those without.

A

fewer enzymes enter small intestine so enzymes break down/digest less food thus less absorption of nutrients. this means that less glucose can enter the bloodstream and so less glucose is available for respiration. in addition the fewer absorption means less amino acids can enter so less protein is made for growth.

less oxygen enters the bloodstream so less oxygen is available for respiration thus less energy is released and available for growth.

32
Q

describe how increased heart rate, increased breathing rate and increased blood glucose concentration would improve athletic performance

A

the increased heart rate increases cardiac output and oxygen pumped out. the increased breathing rate increases the rate of oxygen that is provided to the cells and the carbon dioxide removed. the increase in glucose concentration provides more glucose and thus more energy for muscle contraction. it also means respiration can occur faster

33
Q

explain why a transplanted organ may be rejected.

A

the transplanted organ may not be recognised by your body’s immune system which will result in your immune system producing antibodies to attack the antigens on the transplanted organ

34
Q

explains how the amylase breaks down starch. answer in terms of the lock and key theory.

A

the lock and key theory state that the site of the enzyme’s active site will fit the site of the substrate and only that substrate. the amylase’s active site is complementary to the starch. this allows amylase to break the starch down into smaller molecules