B2 Flashcards
discuss the differences between a bengin and malignant tumour
a benign tumour is the growth of cells contained in one place, usually within a membrane. it isn’t cancerous and grows until there is no more room. it doesn’t invade other tissues and if it causes pressure or damage to an organ it can be dangerous.
malignant tumour is cancerous, the tumor grows and spreads to other tissues. the tumour may split up, resulting in cells being carried in the bloodstream or lymphatic system. they can travel to and stay in another organ, potentially causing secondary tumours. the cancer cells divide more rapidly and have a longer life span in comparison to normal cells.
what is cancer
uncontrolled growth and division of the cells
what does the Benedict’s test, test for
sugar
what is a positive result for the Benedict test
brick red colour
what does the Iodine’s test, test for
starch
what is a positive result for the Iodine test
blue-black colour
what does the Biuret’s test, test for
proteins
what is a positive result for the Biuret test
purple colour
what is a positive result for the Emulsion test
when ethanol is added, there is a cloudy layer if a lipid is present
what does the Emulsion test, test for
lipids
what does the Sudan III test for
lipids
what is a positive result for the Sudan III test
red layer forms on top
where is bile produced in
liver
where is bile stored in
gallbladder
what are the two roles of bile
- neutralise the HCL which comes from the stomach
- emulsifies large drops of fat into smaller ones
rate of reaction =
change/time
what organs is the digestive system made out of
glands (salivary and pancreas), stomach, small and large intestine, liver
what are enzymes
BIOLOGICAL catalysts
What does the Lock and Key Hypothesis state
the shape of the active site matches the shape of its substrate molecules
if an enzyme is denatured by temperature (37 degrees) or pH can it go back to its original shape
only for pH (7)
where is carbohydrase produced
small intestine, pancreas, glands
where is protease produced
stomach but other forms can be found in pancreas and small intestine
where is lipase produced
pancreas and small intestine
True or Flase? A tissue is a group of cells of only one type which work together to perform a function
FALSE. A tissue doesn’t have to be made up of only one cell type, it can include more than one type of cell
what is the role of the epithelial tissue
they line the tissue of organs
explain how the change in blood flow to the athlete’s muscles helps him to run
blood flow increases wen the runner is running. this results in more oxygen and glucose supplied to the runner (for more respiration therefore releasing more energy for muscle contraction)
() is where marks were lost
explain how the change in blood flow to the athlete’s muscles helps him to run
blood flow increases wen the runner is running. this reults in more oxygen and glucose supplied to the runner (for more respiration therefore releasing more energy for muscle contraction)
() is where marks were lost
some people who take beta blockers get out of breath when they exercise [ao3]. suggest why they can have this effect.
when we exercise, we respire more and release more energy therefore we need more oxygen.
beta blockers reduce heart rate during exercise. they reduce stroke volume therefore it reduces cardiac output and therefore the heart cannot supply oxygen fast enough.
therefore, the breathing rate increases to increase the rate of oxygen absorbed and remove the co2 from the body. however, the increased breathing rate cannot keep up with the changes in the heart function.
so those who take beta blockers get out of breath when they exercise because it lowers the heart rate
what is the active site of an enzyme
the active site is part of the enzyme that the substrate fits into
how is a tumour formed
it happens when the cell cycle sequence is lost and cells grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way
a person with CF has cells that line the lungs and digestive system create too much mucus. this blocks the duct leading from the pancreas to the small intestines. it also blocks the tubes leading to the alveoli in the lungs. explain why children with CF grow more slowly than those without.
fewer enzymes enter small intestine so enzymes break down/digest less food thus less absorption of nutrients. this means that less glucose can enter the bloodstream and so less glucose is available for respiration. in addition the fewer absorption means less amino acids can enter so less protein is made for growth.
less oxygen enters the bloodstream so less oxygen is available for respiration thus less energy is released and available for growth.
describe how increased heart rate, increased breathing rate and increased blood glucose concentration would improve athletic performance
the increased heart rate increases cardiac output and oxygen pumped out. the increased breathing rate increases the rate of oxygen that is provided to the cells and the carbon dioxide removed. the increase in glucose concentration provides more glucose and thus more energy for muscle contraction. it also means respiration can occur faster
explain why a transplanted organ may be rejected.
the transplanted organ may not be recognised by your body’s immune system which will result in your immune system producing antibodies to attack the antigens on the transplanted organ
explains how the amylase breaks down starch. answer in terms of the lock and key theory.
the lock and key theory state that the site of the enzyme’s active site will fit the site of the substrate and only that substrate. the amylase’s active site is complementary to the starch. this allows amylase to break the starch down into smaller molecules
