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Biology AQA GCSE > B5 > Flashcards

B5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the nervous system allow us to do

A

allows us to react to our surroundings and co-ordinate actions in response to stimuli

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2
Q

what is a stimuli

A

a change in the environment

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3
Q

describe what happens in response to a stimuli

A
  • receptor cells convert a stimulus into an electrical impulse
  • the electrical impulse travel along cells called sensory neurones to the CNS
  • the information is processed and the appropriate response is coordinated resulting in an electrical impulse being sent along motor neurones to effectors
  • the effectors carry out the response
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4
Q

what are receptor cells

A

cells that detect the stimulus

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5
Q

what do sensory neurones detect

A
  • change in temperature
  • level CO2 in blood
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6
Q

what is a sensory neurone

A

neurones that carries impulses from the sensory organs to the CNS

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7
Q

name two examples of an effector

A

muscles or glands

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8
Q

what is an effector

A

areas that bring about responses in the body

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9
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

the pathway of information from a sensory neurone through an inter neurone to a motor neurone

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10
Q

what is a reflex/reflex action

A

rapid automatic response of the nervous system that do not involve a conscious thought

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11
Q

describe a reflex arc

A
  • stimulus is detected by the receptors
  • impulses are sent along a sensory neurone
  • in the CNS the impulse passes to a relay neurone
  • impulses are sent along a motor neurone
  • the impulse reaches an effector resulting in the appropriate response
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12
Q

give an example of reflex arcs

A
  • pupils getting smaller to avoid damage from bright light
  • moving your hand from a hot surface to prevent damage
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13
Q

what are synapses

A

gaps between two neurones

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14
Q

how is information passed from one neurone to another

A

chemicals released from a neurone, they diffuse across the synapse

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15
Q

what is a reaction time

A

how long it takes you to respond to a stimulus

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16
Q

what is the CNS made up of

A

brain and spinal chord

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17
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

regulate body temperature and send signals to the pituitary gland

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18
Q

what does the cerebral cortex do

A

control consciousness, intelligence, memory, language, senses

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19
Q

where is the cerebral cortex found

A

outer part of the brain, split into two hemispheres

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20
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

control fine movement of muscles and balance

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21
Q

where is the cerebellum

A

rounded structure near the bottom/back of the brain

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22
Q

what does the medulla do

A

control unconscious actions such as breathing and heart rate

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23
Q

where is the medulla found

A

in the brain stem in front of the cerebellum

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24
Q

why is investigating brain function and treating brain damage and disease difficult

A
  • the brain is complex and delicate
  • the brain is easily damaged
  • drugs given to treat diseases cannot always reach the brain due to the membranes that surround it.
  • not fully understood which part of the brain does what
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25
Q

how can neuroscientists map out the regions of brains

A
  • studying patients with brain damage
  • electrically stimulating different parts of the brain
  • using MRI scanning techniques such as CT, PET, MRI
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26
Q

what is accommodation

A

the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant object

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27
Q

what is the retina

A

a layer of light sensitive cells found at the back of the eye

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28
Q

what is the process of accommodation to focus on a distant object

A
  • ciliary muscles relax
  • the suspensory ligaments loosen
  • the lens then becomes thinner - light is refracted less
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29
Q

what do the suspensory ligaments do

A

control the shape of the lens

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30
Q

what do the ciliary muscles do

A

hold the lens in place

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31
Q

what can the lens do

A

can change its shape

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32
Q

what does the pupil do

A

its a gap that allows light to pass through it to the lens

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33
Q

what does the optic nerve do

A

carries the impulses from the retina to the brain to create an image

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34
Q

what is the sclera

A

white outer layer which supports and protects the structures inside the eye

35
Q

what is the cornea

A

a see-throuh layer at the front of the eye

36
Q

there are no blood vessels in the cornea so how does it get oxygen

A

the oxygen is diffused through it

37
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

a nerve that leaves the eye and leads to the brain

38
Q

what is the cornea

A

a see-through layer at the front of the eye

39
Q

what is the iris

A

muscles that surround the pupil

40
Q

what does the iris do

A

contract or relax to alter the size of the pupil

41
Q

in bright light, what happens to the circular muscles and radial muscles

A

the circular muscles contract and the radial muscles relax to make the pupil smaller (constricted)

42
Q

what is the eye

A

a sense organ containing receptors sensitive to light intensity and colour

43
Q

what is the technical term for short sightedness

A

myopia (the lens are too curved and so distant objects appear blurry. concave lens)

44
Q

what is the technical term for long sightedness

A

hyperopia (the lens are too flat and so it cannot refract light enough. concave lens)

45
Q

name four treatment methods for myopia/hyperopia

A
  • spectacle lenses (concave lenses to spread out the light to. convex lenses to bring the rays together)
  • contact lenses (same as spectacle lenses)
  • laser eye surgery (myopia - reduce the thickness of the cornea, refracts light less. hyperopia - change its curvature, refracts light more)
  • replacement lens (hyperopia - replace lens with an artificial one made out of clear plastic or by adding the plastic on top. however can lead to cataracts developing or damage to the retina)
46
Q

what is the thermoregulatory centre part of

A

the hypothalamus

47
Q

what does the thermoregulatory centre do

A

monitor and control body temperature found in the brain

48
Q

what do the receptors in the thermoregulatory centre do

A

monitor the temperature of the blood and sends impulses to the thermoregulatory centre

49
Q

if the temperature becomes too high what happens

A
  • sweat is produced from sweat glands which evaporates to increase the energy transfer away from the body
  • vasodilation (opposite is vasoconstriction) which means more blood flows closer to the surface of the skin
  • hairs fall flat to prevent trapping warm air and creating an insulating layer

when temp gets to low, opposite but skeletal muscles also contract rapidly to generate heat from respiration

50
Q

what two communication systems does the human body have

A

nervous system and endocrine system

51
Q

what does the endocrine system send around the body

A

hormones

52
Q

what glands are in the human endocrine system and what do they secrete

A
  • pituitary - hormones (either have an effect on the body to to make other glands produce different hormones)
  • pancreas - insulin (controls blood glucose levels)
  • thyroid - thyroxine (controls metabolic rate, heart rate and temperature)
  • adrenal - adrenaline (flight and fight response)
  • ovary - oestrogen (menstrual cycle and puberty)
  • testes - testosterone (production of sperm and puberty)
53
Q

the hormonal system is much slower compared to the nervous system but

A

it acts for longer

54
Q

why does the concentration of glucose in your blood needs to be kept within a certain limit

A

glucose is needed by cells for respiration

55
Q

eating foods that contain carbohydrates increases

A

glucose levels in the blood

56
Q

if glucose levels are too high what happens

A
  • pancreas produces hormone insulin
  • insulin binds to cell in target organs
  • glucose move from the blood into muscle cells for respiration
  • excess glucose is converted into glycogen which is stored in the liver
  • blood glucose concentration is reduced
57
Q

what is glycogen

A

stored form of glucose is made up of many connected glucose molecules

58
Q

what is glucagon

A

a hormone that is involved in controlling blood sugar (glucose) levels

59
Q

if glucose levels are too low what happens

A
  • pancreas produces glucagon
  • glucagon binds to liver cells causing glycagon to be broken down into glucose
  • glucose is released into the blood, increasing blood glucose concentration
60
Q

when does type 1 diabetes occur

A

when the pancreas cannot control your blood glucose level

61
Q

when does type 2 diabetes occur

A

when your body cells no longer respond to insulin

62
Q

how is type 1 diabetes treated

A
  • insulin injections at meal times
  • advised to limit the intake of simple carbohydrates which contain lots of glucose
63
Q

how is type 2 diabetes treated

A
  • reduce the number of simple carbohydrates in diet
  • lose weight
  • increase exercise
  • drugs to make insulin more effective
64
Q

if the water concentration of the blood increases

A
  • cells in body take up water
  • because concentration of water in the bloodstream is higher than the concentration of the water in the cells due to osmosis
  • cells expand as they take up more water and eventually burst
65
Q

what organs are very important in maintaining the balance of water and other substances in the body

A

kidneys

66
Q

how does the kidney make urine

A
  • filters out waste products
  • selectively reabsorbs useful substances such as glucose, ions and water
67
Q

name three waste products and how they leave the body/taken in

A
  • water (lungs due to exhalation or sweat or urine)
  • ions (taken in via food, lost in sweat)
  • urea (lost in sweat and urine)
68
Q

amino acids are the products of what

A

digestion of proteins

69
Q

amino acids are DEAMINATED in the liver to form

A

ammonia

70
Q

is ammonia toxic

A

yes therefore its converted to urea

71
Q

ADH is a hormone involved in what

A

the control of the loss of water as urine

72
Q

ADH is released into the pancreas by the [] when a receptor in the brain detects that the blood is too concentrated

A

pituitary gland

73
Q

Describe the negative feedback loop when the concentration of the blood increases leading to more ADH being secreted to reverse the change

A
  • ADH travels in bloodstream to the kidney tubules
  • increased amount of ADH reaching tubules increase their permeability to water so more moves out of the tubule and back into the bloodstream
  • smaller volume of more concentrated urine and the blood becomes less concentrated as more water moves into it
74
Q

what is kidney failure

A

when your kidneys stop working due to waste products building up

75
Q

what two ways can you treat people with kidney failure

A
  • dialysis
  • kidney transplants
76
Q

how does dialysis work

A

the function of the kidneys is carried out using artificial membrane. the blood moves between partially permeable membranes surrounded by dialysis fluid

77
Q

how does kidney transplants work

A

provides the individual with a healthy kidney

78
Q

advantages of dialysis

A
  • useful ions and glucose aren’t lost from the blood but urea, excess ions and water diffuse across the membrane
  • acts as an artificial kidney and keeps people alive while they wait for a transplant
79
Q

disadvantages of dialysis

A
  • has to be done three times a week, each time taking 3-4 hrs
  • possibility of blood clots forming
  • have to follow a strict diet
  • unpleasant experience
  • build up of waste products between sessions can make you feel ill
80
Q

disadvantages of kidney transplants

A
  • can be rejected from the body
  • drugs taken to try and prevent that can make them vulnerable to other diseases
  • do not last forever
  • only cure
81
Q

advantages of kidney transplants

A
  • cheaper than overall cost of dialysis
  • do not need to visit the hospital as regularly
82
Q

how does the thermoregulatory centre send information to the sweat glands in the skin

A

neurones/nerves

83
Q

If the reaction time decreases what does it mean?

A

we respond quicker

Biology AQA GCSE (9 decks)

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