Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Mock exam > Flashcards

Mock exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Electron microscope

A

Microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of the specimen. Has higher magnification and a greater resolution than a light microscope.
It can allow us of see much small objects in finer detail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Formula triangle for magnification

A

I

A M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Definition of resolution

A

The ability to distinguish two objects from eachother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why can some cell structure be seen with a electron microscope that not with a light microscope

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

A

As temperatures increase so does enzyme activity
37* is the optimum temperature (body temp)
To low or to high will denature enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Effect odf

A

Alter enzymes shape
Different enzymes work best in different ph values.
E.g.- stomach enzymes -ph 2
Intestinal enzymes- ph 7.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Effects of substrate concentration on enzyme activity

A

Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction. This is because more substrate molecules will be colliding with the enzymes therefore more product will be formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is growth In animals also known as

A

Increase in cell number and size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Examples of specialised animal cells

A

Neuron cell
Red blood cell
Sperm cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Adaptions of the
Neuron cell
Red blood cell

A

Neuron cells are really long so they can communicate over long distances and have ends called dendrites which connect with other neurons
Red blood cells have no nucleus so they have more room to store haemoglobin, bioconcave shape to maximise oxygen absorption and they are flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a growth in an animal also known as

A

Increase in cell number and size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Specialised plant cells

A

Xylem cell

Root hair cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adaptions of the specialised plant cells

A

Xylem cells are hollow so they can carry water and minerals to trunk from the Roots and altered cell walls so they can allow passage of one vessel to another

Root hair cells have a large surface area to speed up and maximise osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How are ciliated epithelial cells adapted to their function

A

The cilia are tiny hair like structures on the surface of the cell, the hairs sweep mucas and dust and bacteria up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are specialised cells

A

A cell that has been created and adapted for a specific function, their structure will allow them to carry the function out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A 
Has a nucleus 
Linear DNA 
Don't always have a cell wall
Found in all Kingdoms
E.g.- plant
Animals 
Fungi 
Ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A 
No nucleus
Found in kingdom monera
Single circular DNA 
Haploid 
Single celled organisms 
E.g. Algae, bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is bacteria prokaryotic?

A

It doesn’t have a membrane bound nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Common parts of bacteria

A

Cell wall- often the target for antibiotic treatment
Don’t have nucleus
Some have flagellum to move around
Two types of DNA- plasmid (small loop that carries extra information) and chromosomal (carries genetic information)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Calculation to find out the rate of enzyme activity

A

Rate of higher temp \ rate of lower temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why are enzymes important for life processes

A

Allow reactions to happen a lot faster, without them reactions would occur to slowly to keep you alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are enzymes

A

PROTEINS

Biological catalysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Subunits from which carbohydrates, protein and lipids are formed

A

Sugars
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do enzymes do

A

Speed up the rate of chemical reactions within cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Calculation in percentage gain or loss of mass in osmosis

A

(End mass - start mass) / start mass *100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How are substances transported by osmosis

A

Movement of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a semi permeable membrane
E.g.-plants roots absorbing water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How are substances transported by diffusion

A

Diffusion is the process in which particles spread out and then move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Particles of a substance will move down a concentration gradient until they are evenly spread e.g. Gas exchange in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How are substances transported by active transport

A

Active transport is the process by which dissolved molecules move across a cell wall membrane from a lower to a higher concentration. In active transport, particles move against the concentration gradient therefore requires an input of energy from a cell.
E.g. Minerals through root hair cells in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What’s an active site

A

An enzymes action and a region \ part of enzyme that bands to a protein or other substance during reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How to test foods for starch

A

A drop of Iodine into the substance and if turns a dark purple starch is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How to test foods for protein

A

Add drops of biurets solution and if it turns a purple then it has protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How to test food for simple sugars

A

Add Benedicts solution to tubes of food and place test tubes in a beaker of boiling water.
If food in test tube produces an orange precipitate (solid mixed through liquid) it shows it could contains lots of sugars.
If a green precipitate is formed then it shows that only a small amount of sugar is present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Parts of a plant cell

A 
Nucleus 
Cytoplasm 
Cell membrane 
Chloroplasts 
Vacuole 
Cell wall 
Mitochondria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Parts of animal cell

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitocondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Names and order of stages in mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe what happens in each stage of mitosis

A

P- chromosomes in nucleus are copied
M-chromatids pulled apart and moved towards poles
A- chromosomes separate
T- cell divides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Why do some organisms rely on asexual reproduction

A

It’s quicker and less energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How does mitosis produces genetically identical diploid cells

A

Cell copies its chromosomes then splits the copied chromosomes equally to make sure that each daughter cell has a full set

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How do cancers grow?

A

Sometimes cells in part of a multicellular organisms divide uncontrollably causing a lump ;The result is a large mass of cells called a tumour. If tumour cells successfully invade other tissues in the body the result is cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Function of stem cells in plants and animals

A

Treat diseases
Replace cells
Grow limbs
Testing new drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Differences between embryonic and adult stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells come from an undeveloped embryo and can develop into any type of cell, whereas adult stem cells are unspecialised cells that can develop into many (not all) types of cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Examples of when stem cells have been used in medicine

A

Making new Brian cells to treat people with Parkinson’s disease
Rebuilding bones and cartilage
Repairing damaged Immune systems
Making replacement heart valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Benefits and risks of using stem cells in medicine

A

Can help to cure and grow new cells
Cure diseases
Expensive
BUT there is a Risk of uncontrollable growth causing cancer
Still new and hasn’t been fully explored
Ethical reasons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Name the 3 main parts of the brain

A

Cerebellum
Cerebral hemisphere
Medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Receives information from the sensory systems. It coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, speech etc

46
Q

What do both the cerebral hemisphere do

A

Right coordinates left and left coordinates the right.

47
Q

Function of the medulla oblongata

A

Helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing and swallowing. This part of the brain is a centre for respiration and circulation.
Sensory and motor neurons travel through the medulla.

48
Q

What is CT and PET scanning

A

PET uses small amounts of radio active materials called radiotracers, a special camera and computer that can help evaluate your organ and tissue functions, it can help detect disease early on.
CT scan uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of the inside of your body, used to asses head injuries and causes of stroke

49
Q

Effects of spinal cord damage

A

Back pain
Pressure in neck or head or back
Weakness
Incoordination or paralysis in any part of body
Numbness
Tingling
Loss of sensation in hands fingers feet or toes

50
Q

Effects of damage to different parts of the brain

A

Cerebellum- loss of ability to walk, coordinate fine movements, slurred speech and dizziness.

Cerebral hemispheres- if injury was sustained to the left side of the Brain the right side would be effected eg- paralysis of limbs

Medulla oblongata- stop swallowing, drooling and
Paralysis

51
Q

Why can’t some types of spinal cord damage not be repaired fully

A

Some cells of the central nervous system are so specialised that they cannot divide and create new cells

52
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cords, and nerves (neurons)

53
Q

How does the nervous system detect stimuli

A

Receptors are located in the sense organs e.g. Ear eye and skin. Each organ has receptors sensitive to particular kinds of stimuli

54
Q

List the main parts of the eye

A

Cornea
Lens
Iris
Retina

55
Q

Explain how the cornea, lens, iris and retina are adapted to their functions

A

Cornea- convex and transparent. It refreacts light as if enters the eye
Lens- transparent, bi convex. It focuses light onto the retina
Iris- pigmented, eye colour is decided by iris. , Responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil (by muscle contraction) and thus the amount of light reaching the retina.
Retina- back of the eye containing 2 cells, a rod that’s sensitive to dim light and bw and cones that are sensitive to colour. CONTAINS LIGHT RECEPTORS

56
Q

Common eye defects

A

Cataracts
Long/short sightedness
Colour blindness

57
Q

How are cataracts treated

A

Improved with sunglasses or , magnifying

Lenses. OR surgery can. Remove cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial lens

58
Q

Describe features or asexual reproduction

A

Quick
No need for a mate
No variation of offspring

59
Q

Describe features of sexual reproduction

A

Slower
Requires a mate
Variation in offspring

60
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

Advantages- rapid populating& can exploit a suitable habitat quickly

Disadvantages- no variation within population, disease may effect all the individuals in a population, species may only be suited to one habitat

61
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

Advantages- introduced variation, species can adapt to new environments and diseases is less likely to affect all In a population.

Disadvantages- time and energy needed to find a mate, not possible for an isolated individual

62
Q

What are produced in meiosis

A

Gametes

63
Q

What happens in meiosis

A

Same as mitosis but x2
Homologous chromosomes separate to create 2 daughter nuclei
The 2 daughter nuclei divide, chromosomes themselves are separated. Creates 4 gametes

64
Q

Genome

A

An organisms complete set of DNA

65
Q

Where are genes found

A

In DNA

66
Q

What do genes do

A

Code for specific characteristics of phenotypic traits

67
Q

Where is DNA found in a eukaryotic cell

A

Nucleus

68
Q

Name the 4 bases of DNA

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine
Guanine

69
Q

What are the paring of bases of DNA

A

A and T

C and G

70
Q

How are strands of DNA held together

A

By hydrogen bonds between pairs of bases

71
Q

Where are proteins made

A

Ribosomes - they strung together long chains of amino acids

72
Q

How is the order of amino acids in protein determined

A

Each triplet of bases code for one particular amino acids, they are dictated by the number and order of base triplets

73
Q

Transcription

A

1-In the nucleus DNA is split in half by helicase
2-Strands created are the non coding and coding strand
3-RNA polymerase joins to the non coding strand of DNA at the beginning of the gene
4-Complementary bases attach to the strand being copied- C-G and U-A (uracil replaces Thymine)
5-RNA then copies DNA into an exact copy of RNA called mRNA

74
Q

Translation

A

1-The mRNA leaves through the nucleus pores and u to the cytoplasm where it joins to ribosomes
2- tRNA molecules transport specific amino acids to the ribosome
3-each mRNA codon codes for a specific amino acid
4-anti codons and codons match up and form complimentary base pairs
5-a polypeptide chain is formed - PROTEIN

75
Q

What’s a mutation

A

A change in the DNA

76
Q

How Can mutations occur?

A

Caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation
Hereditary mutations
DNA fails to copy accurately

77
Q

Who discovered the basis of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

78
Q

How was breeding pea plants used to work out the basis of genetics

A

He cross bred distinctively different plants and discovered that there are dominant and recessive traits passed on. He also discovered that traits from the parents were given to offspring

79
Q

What’s the difference between a gene and an allele

A

Genes are a short section of DNA and an alleles are different forms of a gene, they can be dominant or recessive.

80
Q

Relationship between the phenotype and genotype

A

The genotype of an organism is defined as the total sum of all the genes. The phenotype of a organism is the observable physical characteristics of an organism.

81
Q

Homozygous and heterozygous

A

Homo- a certain gene carrying two copies of the same allele

Hetro- a certain gene carrying two different alleles

82
Q

How is sex determined in humans

A

A chromosome from a sperm cell, either X or Y,fuses with the X chromosome in the egg cell.
If the X fuses it’s a girl (XX)
If the Y fuses it’s a boy (XY)

83
Q

Examples of sex linked genetic disorders

A

Haemophilia

Colour blindness

84
Q

Characteristics controlled by multiple genes

A

ABO blood groups
Hair colour
Hair texture
Eye colour

85
Q

How can mutations cause variations.

A

Mutations produce random changes in an organisms genetic code, this causes a different protein to be produced or none.

86
Q

Why do many mutations have no effect on the phenotype

A

A mutation could occur in a stretch of DNA with no function or not affecting amino acid sequence of protein

87
Q

Continuous and discontinuous variation

A

Continuous is when there is no limit on the value that can occur in the population e.g.- height, weight and finger length
Discontinuous is when there are distinct groups and it is limited e.g. Blood group, tongue rolling and finger prints

88
Q

Causes of genetic variation

A

Mutations

Sexual reproduction

89
Q

Causes of environmental variation

A

Differences in the environment

Acquired / adapted characteristics

90
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted to its function

A

Acrosomes- enzymes which break the cell membrane of the egg cell to fertilise it
Haploid nucleus- half genetic info
Tail- swim
Mitochondria- energy and respiration

91
Q

How is an egg cell adapted to its function

A

Nutrients in cytoplasm
Haploid nucleus- half genetic info
Changes in cell membrane after fertilisation

92
Q

Define the terms
Chromosome
Gene
Allele

A

Chromosome- Rod shaped bodies found in the nucleus of cells that contains genetic information
Gene- a section of DNA which controls part of a cells chemistry
Allele- different versions of the same gene

93
Q

Define a gamete and a zygote

A

Gamete- Sex cells - sperm and egg

Zygote- the cell formed form fertilisation which will then go on to form a embryo

94
Q

How to extract DNA from fruit

A

Salt water mixed with soap with the mashed up fruit. Leave mixture for 15 mins at 60*. Then filter the mixture and pour iced ethanol on to the filtrate. The DNA floats to the surface.

95
Q

Recall the 5 steps of a human detecting a stimulus and how we react

A

Receptors detect stimulus
Sensory neuron Carries message from receptor to CNS
Central nervous system
Motor neuron carries message from CNS to effector
Effector (muscles& glands )

95
Q

reflex arc

A

Reflex arc is automatic and doesn’t require the brain therefore conserves energy and power e.g.- walking- reflex arc in foot

96
Q

What’s the first thing to detect a change/stimulus

A

Receptors- found in our sense organs

98
Q

What is the structure of a neuron like

A

Dendrites (branched endings) connected to dendron and an axon and to end - an axon terminal

99
Q

What is the coating on dendrons and axons called and what does it do

A

It’s called a Myelin sheath and stops interference between neurons- insulator

100
Q

What’s a synapse and how does it work

A

It’s the gap between neurons
It works as an impulse causes a release of a neurotransmitter chemical, this chemical diffuses across the synapse and the chemical binds to receptors on the next neuron

101
Q

What is a meristem

A

The area in plants where cell division (mitosis) occurs.

102
Q

What does the sensory neurone do

A

Carry signals from receptors (organ which recognises and responds to stimuli) to the spinal cord and brain.

103
Q

What does the relay neurone do

A

Carry messages from one part of the CNS to another.

104
Q

What does the motor neurone do

A

Carry signals from the CNS to effectors (muscle reaction/action)

105
Q

Function of dendrites

A

Branch like structures at the start of the neurone that receive electrical messages

106
Q

Function of dendron

A

Nerve fibres that transmit nerve impulses towards the cell body

107
Q

Function of axon

A

Long projection of a nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses away from the neurons body and Transmits information to different neurons muscles and glands

107
Q

Whats the monohybrid cross

A

Study of the inheritance of one characteristic

108
Q

Axon terminal function

A

Releases the neurotransmitters over the synapse

109
Q

Outcomes of human genome project

A

Mapping all of the genes of a human genome

  • gives detailed information about chromosomes
  • 3.2 billion bases molecules make up the DNA code
  • further scientific knowledge and development
  • help us learn more about genetic disorders

Biology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions