Chapter 5 Flashcards
Describe health
State of complete physical, mental and social well-being . Not just the absence of a disease
Difference between communicable and non communicable diseases
Communicable diseases are infectious eg- flu and tuberculosis. They are caused by pathogens such as bacteria and viruses being passed from one person to another.
Non communicable diseases cannot be transmitted from one person to another eg- heart disease and arthritis.
Why can the presence of one disease lead to higher susceptibility to other diseases
your immune system is low/poor as its already fighting off one disease.
What is a pathogen
A disease-causing organisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists
Describe the effects of the common infection cholera and how its spread
Bacterial infection causing diarrhoea, spread through water
Describe the effects of the common infection tuberculosis and how its spread
Bacterial infection causing lung damage, spread through air (airborne)
Describe the effects of the common infection chalara ash dieback and how its spread
fungal disease causing leaf loss and bark lesions, its spread through air (airborne)
Describe the effects of the common infection malaria and how its spread
caused by protists and causes damage to blood and liver spread by animal vectors
Describe the effects of the common infection HIV
Virus that causes the destruction of white blood cells, leading to the onset of AIDS
Describe the effects of the common infection stomach ulcers and how its spread
caused by helicobacter a bacteria caused by oral transmission
Describe the effects of the common infection Ebola and how its spread
Virus causing haemorrhagic fever spread by body fluids
What is the life cycle of a virus
Get inside a host cell, make copies of themselves, the virus copies fill whole host cell it bursts open and viruses are passed out into the bloodstream or airways etc…
Explain how sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are spread
and how this spread can be reduced or prevented
CHLAMYDIA
Bacterial infection through bodily fluids from person to person
eg- sex
to prevent- use contraception
Explain how sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are spread
and how this spread can be reduced or prevented
HIV
Horizontal transmission through bodily fluids through acts such sexual intercourse and sharing needles from drug use.
To prevent it use contraception such as condoms and use sterile needles
How can plants defend themselves against attack from pests and pathogens?
By physical barriers including leaf cuticle and cell wall
How else can plants also defend themselves against attack from pests and pathogens
By producing chemicals, some of which can be used to treat human diseases or relieve symptoms
What are the different ways plant diseases can be detected and identified in the both the lab and the field.
Elimination of possible environmental causes, distribution analysis of affected plants, observation of visible symptoms and diagnostic testing to identify pathogens.
How can physical barriers provide the human body with protection from pathogens
Mucas
Cillia
Skin
How can chemical defense provide the human body with protection from pathogens
Lysozymes - enzyme in tears, saliva and mucus which destroys microorganisms
Hydrochloric acid- in the stomach which helps protect you against food poisoning and bacteria
What is the role of the specific immune system of the human body in defense against disease
White blood cells- destroy pathogens
.Triggers lymphocytes to be produced which produces antibodies, these antibodies chemically fit antigens to neutralise the pathogen
What is the bodies response to immunisation
When injected into the body, they stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies to fight the pathogen.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of immunisation
A- stop u getting ill. If enough people are vaccinated they can stop pathogens infecting whole populations- HERD IMMUNITY.
D- reactions, side effects
What can antibodies only be used to treat
Bacterial infections because they inhibit cell processes in the bacterium but not the host organism.
Explain aseptic techniques used in culturing microorganisms in the laboratory
Autoclave prepares sterile growth medium
Petri dishes- nutrient agar jelly and other culture media must be sterilised.
Inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms but must be sterilised (passed through bunsen burner)
Lid of petri dish is sealed with sticky tape to stop microorganisms from the air getting in and contaminating the culture.
Explain the core practical that investigates the effects of antiseptics, antibiotics or plant extracts on microbial cultures
Split petri dish into sections needed
unscrew cap of bacterial culture and quickly pass though bunsen flame.
Get 0.3-0.5ml of culture into a pipette then lift the lid of petri dish slightly and add culture to the agar.
Put spreader over bunsen flame and spread culture in petri dish evenly.
Dunk strips of paper in your different extracts put in petri dish and tape down the lid.
LEAVE AT 20-25* FOR 2-3 DAYS.
How to calculate the cross-sectional area of bacterial cultures and clear agar jelly
πr2
Name the 4 stages in developing new medicines
Discovery
Development
Preclinical
Clinical testing
Describe what happens in each stage of developing new medicines
Discovered
Drugs tested using computer models and human cells grown in the lab.
Drugs that pass 1st stage are then tested on animals, test involved giving a known amount to animal and monitoring them carefully for any side effects.
Drugs that past previous test are then used in clinical trials. Tested heavily on volunteers of different states (ill and not ill) to check they are safe
Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies
Produced- Stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular anitbody (don’t divide) Lymphocytes are combined with a particular kind of tumour cell to make a cell called the hybridoma cell. This hybridoma cell can divide to make antibodies.
What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies
Pregnancy testing
Diagnosis, including locating the position of blood clots, cancer cells
Treatment of cancer
Targeting specific cells which is better than using drugs or radiotherapy treatments
What lifestyle factors can effect non communicable diseases
Exercise and diet on obesity and malnutrition including BMI and waist : hip calculations.
Alcohol damages liver cells and replaced by scar tissue
Smoking which can increase risk of developing cariovascular disease as it damages lining or arteries which builds up fatty acids and narrows artery.
What is the BMI calculation
mass kg / height (m) 2
3 treatments for cardiovascular disease
life long medication
surgical procedures
lifestyle changes
Explain the different treatments for cardiovascular disease
Stents which fix blockages, they fix small areas of heart disease.
Heart bypass is a surgical procedure which can fix many blockages and has a better long term outcome.
Mechanical valves are used as replacements
Heart transplants- needs to be from someone of a similar age, size and tissue type.
What are monoclonal antibodies produced by??
Produced from a single clone of cells. Antibodies specify to one binding site on one protein antigen so can target specific cells or chemicals
Why don’t we keep and grow cultures at a temp of 37
its to close to body temp and therefore could grow pathogens harmful to health.
What is a microbe
A microorganism, especially a bacterium causing a disease
What is an antigen
The invading microbe or pathogen
What are antibodies
Combat against antigens which are produced by the immune system
Certain white blood cells, Called lymphocytes can produce specific antibodies to kill a particular pathogen
What does a lymphocyte do
Type of white blood cell.
produces antibodies, these antibodies chemically fit antigens to neutralise the pathogen
Each lymphocyte only produces one type of antibody
What does a phagocyte do
When pathogen enters the body the phagocyte recognises the pathogen and moves towards it. The phagocyte then engulfs the pathogen once inside the phagocyte the pathogen is destroyed using enzymes, finally the harmless broken down products leave the phagocyte = pathogen destroyed
Weird nucleus shape
What is a memory cell and how does this cause immunity
After fighting infection, Some copies the specific lymphocyte used remain in the body = memory cell.
If pathogen ever enters your body again it can immediately start producing the same specific antibodies it needs then it can fight off the pathogen before it has time to make you sick, you can’t get sick from that same pathogen a 2nd time = immunity
