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Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Names and order of stages in mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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2
Q

Describe what happens in each stage of mitosis

A

Interphase- a cell has 2 versions of each chromosome, one from each parent- diploid
Prophase- each chromosome is copied to ensure each cell has a full genome, the chromosomes condense and nucleus disappears.
Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle
Anaphase- chromosomes move apart=chromatids. The two copies of each chromosome are pulled apart by spindle fibres.
Telophase- chromosomes move to different sides of the cell, the cell completely splits in two. There are now two cells, these are called daughter cells, each cell is genetically identical to eachother and to the original parent cell

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3
Q

What is mitosis for?

A

Growth, repair and asexual reproduciton

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4
Q

How does mitosis produces genetically identical diploid cells

A

Cell copies its chromosomes then splits the copied chromosomes equally to make sure that each daughter cell has a full set

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5
Q

Describe the division of a cell by mitosis

A

The production of two daughter cells, each with identical sets of chromosomes in the nucleus to the parent cell, which results in the formation of two genetically diploid body cells,

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6
Q

What is cancer

A

A result of changes in cells that leads to to uncontrollable cell division

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7
Q

How do cancers grow

A

Sometimes cells in part of a multicellular organisms divide uncontrollably causing a lump ;The result is a large mass of cells called a tumor. If tumor cells successfully invade other tissues in the body the result is cancer.

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8
Q

How to describe growth in organisms

animals and plants

A

animals=cell division and differentiation

plants= elongation and differentiation in plants

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9
Q

Explain the importance of cell differentiation in development of specialized cells

A

So animal cells can differentiate into specific / specialised cells for specific functions for the body

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10
Q

Function of stem cells in plants and animals

A

Treat diseases
Replace cells
Grow limbs
Testing new drugs

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11
Q

Differences between embryonic and adult stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells come from an undeveloped embryo and can develop into any type of cell, whereas adult stem cells are unspecialised cells that can develop into many (not all) types of cell.

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12
Q

Function of…
Embryonic stem cells
Stem cells in animals
Meristems in plants

A

Embryonic stem cells- can be developed into any cell, they can be used to make new brain cells for people with Parkinson
disease
Stem cells in animals-
Meristems- Divide to produce cells that increase height of plant, length of root or cells for leaves and flowers.

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13
Q

Name the 3 main parts of the brain

A

Cerebellum
Cerebral hemisphere
Medulla oblongata

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14
Q

What does the cerebellum do

A

Receives information from the sensory systems. It coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, speech etc

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15
Q

What do both the cerebral hemisphere do

A

Right coordinates left and left coordinates the right.

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16
Q

Function of the medulla oblongata

A

Centre for respiration and circulation, it helps regulate breathing, digestion, Betsy and blood vessel function.
Sensory and motor neurons travel through the medulla

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17
Q

How can the difficulties of accessing brain tissue inside skull be overcome

A

Using CT scanning and PET scanning

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18
Q

Effects of spinal cord damage

A

Back pain
Pressure in neck or head or back
Weakness
Incoordination or paralysis in any part of body
Numbness
Tingling
Loss of sensation in hands fingers feet or toes

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19
Q

Effects of damage to different parts of the brain

A

Cerebellum- loss of ability to walk, coordinate fine movements, slurred speech and dizziness.

Cerebral hemispheres- if injury was sustained to the left side of the Brain the right side would be effected eg- paralysis of limbs

Medulla oblongata- stop swallowing, drooling and
Paralysis

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20
Q

Why can’t some types of spinal cord damage not be repaired fully

A

Some cells of the central nervous system are so specialized that they cannot divide and create new cells

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21
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cords, and nerves (neurons)

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22
Q

How does the nervous system detect stimuli

A

Receptors are located in the sense organs e.g. Ear eye and skin. Each organ has receptors sensitive to particular kinds of stimuli

23
Q

List the main parts of the eye

A

Cornea
Lens
Iris
Retina

24
Q

Explain how the cornea, lens, iris and retina are adapted to their functions

A

Cornea- convex and transparent. It refreacts light as if enters the eye
Lens- transparent, bi convex. It focuses light onto the retina
Iris- pigmented, eye colour is decided by iris. , Responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil (by muscle contraction) and thus the amount of light reaching the retina.
Retina- back of the eye containing 2 cells, a rod that’s sensitive to dim light and bw and cones that are sensitive to color. CONTAINS LIGHT RECEPTORS

25
Q

Common eye defects

A

Cataracts
Long/short sightedness
Colour blindness

26
Q

How are cataracts treated

A

Improved with sunglasses or , magnifying

Lenses. OR surgery can. Remove cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial lens

27
Q

Recall the 5 steps of a human detecting a stimulus and how we react

A

Receptors detect stimulus
Sensory neuron Carries message from receptor to CNS
Central nervous system
Motor neuron carries message from CNS to effector
Effector (muscles& glands )

28
Q

What’s the first thing to detect a change/stimulus

A

Receptors- found in our sense organs

29
Q

reflex arc

A

Reflex arc is automatic and doesn’t require the brain therefore conserves energy and power e.g.- walking- reflex arc in foot

30
Q

What is the structure of a neuron like

A

Dendrites (branched endings) connected to dendron and an axon and to end - an axon terminal

31
Q

What is the coating on dendrons and axons called and what does it do

A

It’s called a Myelin sheath and stops interference between neurons- insulator

32
Q

What’s a synapse and how does it work

A

It’s the gap between neurons
It works as an impulse causes a release of a neurotransmitter chemical, this chemical diffuses across the synapse and the chemical binds to receptors on the next neuron

33
Q

What is a meristem

A

The area in plants where cell division (mitosis) occurs.

34
Q

What does the sensory neuron do

A

Carry signals from receptors (organ which recognises and responds to stimuli) to the spinal cord and brain.

35
Q

What does the relay neuron do

A

Carry messages from one part of the CNS to another.

36
Q

What does the motor neuron do

A

Carry signals from the CNS to effectors (muscle reaction/action)

37
Q

Function of dendrites

A

Branch like structures at the start of the neuron that receive electrical messages

38
Q

Function of dendron

A

Nerve fibres that transmit nerve impulses towards the cell body

39
Q

Function of axon

A

Long projection of a nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses away from the neurons body and Transmits information to different neurons muscles and glands

40
Q

Axon terminal function

A

Releases the neurotransmitters over the synapse

41
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

The final part of the cell cycle after mitosis in which the cell splits in two and new nuclei is formed

42
Q

What is interphase

A

Active life of a cell during which the cell prepares for division in mitosis

43
Q

What does it mean to differentiate

A

To specialise or adapt to a specific function.

44
Q

What’s a clone

A

An organism produced asexually so it has identical genes to its parents

45
Q

What does totipotent mean

A

Describes embryonic stem cells as they can turn into any specialised cell

46
Q

What does multipotent mean

A

Describe Stem cells in mammals as they can only turn into cells located where that cell is eg- if it’s in tissue area it will turn into tissue celll

47
Q

What’s cytokinesis

A

Last stage of mitosis were the cytoplasm moved and the cell membrane pinches in=cleavage

48
Q

What does haploid mean

A

Having half the normal number of chromosomes-23 chromosome

49
Q

What does diploid mean

A

Having the normal number of chromosomes -46 chromosomes

50
Q

What’s a zygote

A

Cell formed when two gametes combine

51
Q

How does a ct scan work

A

X

52
Q

How does a PET scanner work

A

X

53
Q

Explain DNA extraction experiment

A

Chop fruit up into tiny pieces
Add salt and dertegent to fruit and stir, detergent helps break down cell membrane and sal helps make DNA stick together.
Put beaker in water bath 60* for 15 mins.
Add Iced ethanol and DNA should float to the surface as it separates from cells as a white stringy substance-removed by glass rod

Biology (13 decks)

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