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Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are hormones produced

A

The pituitary gland

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2
Q

How are hormones transported

A

From endocrine glands to their target organs through the blood stream

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3
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce, what’s its target organ and what’s the effect?

A

Produces thyroxine which controls rate of metabolism

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4
Q

What does the pancreas produce, what’s its target organ and what’s the effect?

A

Produces insulin which controls blood sugar levels, its target organ is the uterus and its effects are it maintains the lining of the womb- which stops FSH production in the pituitary gland

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5
Q

What does the adrenal gland produce, what’s its target organ and what’s the effect?

A

Produces adrenaline which prepares the body for rapid activity by increasing the heart rate and diverting blood to muscles and brain, the target organs are vital organs liver and heart and the effect is to prepare the body for fight or flight

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6
Q

What does the ovaries produce, what’s its target organ and what’s the effect?
2

A

Produces hormone oestrogen which controls puberty and the menstrual cycle in Females; it stimulates the production of LH and suppresses the production of FSH in ThE pituitary gland and its target organs are the ovaries, uterus and pituitary gland.
Produces hormone progesterone which maintains lining of the womb- stops FSH Production in the pituitary gland and its target organ is the uterus

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7
Q

What does the testes produce, what’s its target organ and what’s the effect?

A

Produces testosterone which controls puberty in males and its target organs are the male reproductive organs

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8
Q

What is fight or flight

A

Several responses that prepare the body for sudden action, including increased heart rate, increased blood flow to muscles and release of glucose into the blood

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9
Q

adrenaline produces by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for fight the effects are…

A

Increased heart rate
Increased blood pressure
Increased blood flow to the muscles
Raider blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to change glycogen into glucose

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10
Q

Explain Steps on how thyroxine controls metabolic rate as an example of negative feedback

A

Low levels of thyroxine stimulates production of TRH in the hypothalamus
This causes release of TSH from the pituitary gland
TSH acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine
When thyroxine levels are normal thyroxine inhibits the release of TRH and the production of TSH

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11
Q

Stages of menstruation

A

1) Follicular phase- first day of bleeding where the follicles develop in the ovaries. At the start the lining of the uterus is thick for embryo, if no embryo is present the oestrogen and progesterone levels are low this causes lining of uterus to shed.
2) Ovulatory phase- LH surge and decrease in FSH, causes egg to release (ovulation) egg travels down Fallopian tube ready for fertilisation (egg can survive for 12-24 hours after.
3) Luteal phase- ends before menstrual period unless fertilisation occurs. The egg travels along the Fallopian tube, Corpus luteum secretes P and O prepares the uterus for fertilisation

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12
Q

Explain the interactions of oestrogen

A

Oestrogen is secreted by the ovaries and stops FSH being produced so that only one egg matures in a cycle, it stimulates the pituitary gland to release luteinising hormone (LH) which triggers ovulation (release of mature egg from ovary)

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13
Q

What does hormonal contraception do

A

Influences menstrual cycle and prevents pregnancy and works by preventing the ovary from releasing an egg by thickening the cervical mucus making it difficult for the sperm to reach the egg and changing the lining of the uterus which makes implantation difficult

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14
Q

Evaluate hormonal and barrier methods of contraception

A

Barrier methods include that of condom and cervical cap which don’t require hormones but physically stop sperm being released into woman’s body.
Hormonal methods such as the pill reduces chance of mature egg being produced. The pill contains Oestrogen or/ and progesterone. These hormones inhibit the production of FSH, which in turn stops egg maturing in the ovaries

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15
Q

Explain use of hormones in assisted reproductive technology (ART) including IVF and clomifene therapy

A

women who have difficulty becoming pregnant don’t produce enough FSH to allow their eggs to mature. Fertility drugs contain FSH and LH which stimulates eggs to mature in the ovary

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16
Q

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of assisted reproductive technology (ART) including IVF and clomifene therapy

A 
A= increase chance of woman's chance of becoming pregnant and boosts production of women's mature eggs 
D= may not always work, multiple conceptions sometimes occur, with twins or triplets being expected. Which increases risk of complications in pregnancy and childbirth, which may lead to premature or underweight babies
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17
Q

Explain the importance of maintaining a constant internal environment in response to internal and external change

A

X

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18
Q

Explain the importance of homeostasis X2

A

Thermoregulation- the effect on enzyme activity

Osmoregulation- the effect on animal cells

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19
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment. The nervous system and hormones are responsible for this

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20
Q

How is the internal condition of the body’s blood sugar levels

A

It is controlled to provide cells with a constant supply of energy. The blood sugar levels is controlled by the release and storage of glucose, which is in turn controlled by a hormone called insulin

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21
Q

How is the internal condition of the body’s temperature

A 
It's controlled to maintain the high enzymes work best, which is 37* 
Body temp is controlled by:
Controlling blood flow to the skin 
Sweating 
Shivering
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22
Q

How is the internal condition of the body’s water content controlled

A

Controlled to protect cells by stopping too much water from entering or leaving them- this process is called osmoregulation.
Water is controlled by water loss from the lungs when we exhale, skin by swearing and body in urine produced by kidneys

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23
Q

How does thermoregulation take place in the skin In cold conditions

A

Hair shafts on the surface of the epidermis layer will have a piloerection as the erector muscle from the dermis contracts and pulls the base of the hair making the hair stand up, this forms convection pockets to reduce heat loss.

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24
Q

How does thermoregulation take place in the skin in hot conditions

A

Sweat gland travels through the dermis and into the epidermis where a pore is found, the glands secrete sweat onto surface of the skin (dermis layer) to increase Heat loss by evaporation, sweat secretion stops when the body temperature returns to normal

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25
Q

How does thermoregulation take place in relation to shivering

A

The shivering reflex is triggered to maintain homeostasis. Skeletal muscles begin to shake in small movements which create warmth by expanding energy
Rapid contraction and relaxation of muscles that cause body to warm

26
Q

How does thermoregulation take place by vasoconstriction

A

Blood vessel becomes narrower and deeper in cold conditions where is stops radiation by vasoconstriction
Blood flow in capillaries decreases

27
Q

How does thermoregulation take place by vasodilation

A

The blood vessels widen which allow more blood to flow through nearer to the surface

28
Q

How does the hormone insulin control blood glucose concentration

A

Glucose is a sugar needed by cells for respiration.
Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, controls blood sugar levels in the body. It travels from the pancreas to the liver in the bloodstream.

29
Q

What happens when glucose levels In the blood become too high or low

A

If the glucose level becomes too high the pancreas would secrete insulin into blood where the liver converts glucose into glycogen and the glucose level goes down.
If the glucose levels become too low the pancreas doesn’t secrete insulin so the liver doesn’t convert glucose to glycogen so the glucose levels go up

30
Q

How is blood glucose concentration regulated by glucagon

A

Pancreas releases another hormone called glucagon, when the blood sugar levels fall. This causes the cells in the liver to turn glycogen back into glucose which can then be released into the blood. The blood sugar levels when rise

31
Q

What’s the hypothalamus

A

Part of the brain that monitors and controls the bodys temperature through nerves

32
Q

Cause of type 1 diabetes and how it’s controlled

A

Pancreas stops making enough insulin, is controlled by daily injections of insulin for life and a healthy diet

33
Q

Cause of type 2 diabetes and how it’s controlled

A

The body no longer responds to its insulin and is controlled by exercise and appropriate diet

34
Q

What’s the BMI equation

A

Mass (kg) /
BMI=
height (m2)

35
Q

How is the structure of the nephron related to its function in filtering blood and forming urine

A

Each nephron contains multiple sub-structures. Filtration occurs in the glomerulus (dense network of capillaries which are under very high pressure and filter out small molecules from the blood into the bow mans capsule via ultrafiltration. At the proximal convoluted tubule glucose and water are reabsorbed.

36
Q

What is urea produced from

A

Breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver

37
Q

Explain the effect on ADH on the permeability of the collecting duct in regulating water content of blood

A

Increase because of aquaporins

38
Q

Treatments for kidney failure

Kidney dialysis

A

Blood (high in urea) is taken from a blood vessel in the arm, mixed with blood thinners to prevent clotting, and pumped into a machine. Inside the machine- separated by a partially permeable membrane the blood flows in the opposite direction to dialysis fluid, allowing exchange to occur between the two where a concentration gradient exists

39
Q

What does the dialysis fluid contain

A

Same concentration of glucose and mineral ions as normal blood plasma so there is no net movement of glucose out of the blood

40
Q

Treatments for kidney failure

Organ donation

A

Implanting a kidney from an organ donor into the patients body to replace the damaged kidney, the kidney would have specific protein antigens on it therefore when receiving the implant the patients immune system would quickly form antibodies against kidney cell antigens which would destroy the kidney which is known as Oban rejection

41
Q

Explain interaction of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

Secreted by pituitary gland and causes an egg to mature in an ovary and stimulates ovary to release hormone oestrogen

42
Q

Explain interaction of progesterone

A

Hormone secreted by ovaries. Maintains lining of the uterus during the middle part of the menstrual cycle during pregnancy

43
Q

Explain interaction of LH (luteinising hormone)

A

Causes mature egg to be released from the ovary

44
Q

recall 4 steps for process of IVF

A

Many eggs are produced at once and removed from the ovary
Eggs are placed in a solution in a petri dish and mixed with sperm
Embryos develop from fertilised eggs in the petri dish
A couple of embryos are implanted in the mothers uterus

45
Q

In fertility treatments, what is FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) used for?

A

To trigger Oestrogen production and produce ripe egg cells

46
Q

What do kidneys do and why would someone need dialysis

A

Filters blood, they stop working toxic waste build up
Kidney dialysis restores concentration of chemicals in blood to normal levels
Kidney dialysis is needed every 3 days, or can be more frequent, it lasts 3 hours and the patient cannot move during that time- restrictive

47
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

Organism regulates water levels in body fluids by altering concentration of salts

48
Q

Explain how negative feedback is used to control the urinary system

A

If there is Too much water in blood the kidney will remove water, the urine will become more dilute and volume of urine increases
Too little water in blood- chemical message from brain to kidney- changes the permeability of membranes in kidney- water now passes back into blood
Osmosis is used to regulate water level

49
Q

What happens if there is to much water in your body

A

It dilutes reactants which causes slower reactions

50
Q

When your dehydrated what does your body do

A

Reabsorb water from urine

51
Q

What effect can food high in salts have on you

A

Make you lose more water as body tries to remove excess salt in urine

52
Q

What is negative feedback

A

A control mechanism in which a change in condition, such as temperature, causes the opposite change to happen so brings the condition back to a normal level

53
Q

What is the corpus luteum

A

A structure formed from the egg follicle after an egg cell is released from an ovary. It produces progesterone

54
Q

What is an egg follicle

A

Cells in the ovary that surround a developing egg. The follicle produces hormones such as oestrogen

55
Q

What is the bowmans capsule

A

The start of the nephron where filtration occurs

56
Q

What is the collecting duct

A

Final part of a nephron

57
Q

What is the first convoluted tubule

A

Part of a nephron where selective reabsorption of glucose and some Mineral ions takes place

58
Q

What is the loop of henle

A

A long loop of a nephron involved in osmoregulation

59
Q

What is selective reabsorption

A

Taking back particular (useful) substances, such as glucose and some mineral ions, into the nephron

60
Q

What is ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone. Hormone produced by the pituitary gland that increases the permeability of the collecting duct in a nephron to water

61
Q

Explain how the increase in number insulin units injected would affect blood glucose concentration

A

An increase of insulin concentration would cause more glucose to be converted to glycogen leading to the blood glucose levels falling to low

62
Q

Explain how the blood entering the nephron of an organism is filtered to remove excess sodium ions and water

A

Ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus where the liquid part of the blood passes into the bowmans capsule. Reabsorption takes place as it travels through rthe proximal convoluted tubule into the loop of henle. Finally urine production occurs in the collecting duct where excess fluid & sodium ions are removed.

Biology (13 decks)

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