Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are the sub cellular structures of the eukaryoric animal cell
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
What are the sub cellular structures of the eukaryotic animal cell
Nucleus Cell membrane Cell wall Chloroplasts Mitochondria Vacuole Ribosomes
What are the sub cellular structures of the prokaryotic bacteria cell
Chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes and flagella
How are ciliated epithelial cells adapted to their function
The cilia are tiny hair like structures on the surface of the cell, the hairs sweep mucas and dust and bacteria up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed
Adaptions of the specialized plant cells
Xylem cells are hollow so they can carry water and minerals to trunk from the Roots and altered cell walls so they can allow passage of one vessel to another
Adaptions of the
Neuron cell
Red blood cell
Neuron cells are really long so they can communicate over long distances and have ends called dendrites which connect with other neurons
Red blood cells have no nucleus so they have more room to store haemoglobin, bioconcave shape to maximize oxygen absorption and they are flexible
Examples of specialised animal cells
Neuron cell
Red blood cell
Sperm cell
Eukaryotic cell
Has a nucleus Linear DNA Don't always have a cell wall Found in all Kingdoms E.g.- plant Animals Fungi Ribosomes
Prokaryotic cell
No nucleus Found in kingdom monera Single circular DNA Haploid Single celled organisms E.g. Algae, bacteria
Why is bacteria prokaryotic?
It doesn’t have a membrane bound nucleus
How is a sperms cell specialized cells adapted to its function
Acrosome (special enzymes to help break through cell membrane of egg) Haploid nucleus (contains half number of chromosomes) A tail for mobility and mitochondria- for respiration to release energy needed for its journey.
How are egg cells specialized cells adapted to their functions
Haploid nucleus- half number of chromosomes, nutrients in cytoplasm and mitochondria needed for mitosis. A special cell membrane which only allows one sperm cell to enter.
What have changes in microscopic technology allowed us to do
have enabled us to see cell structures
and organelles with more clarity and detail than in the past
and increased our understanding of the role of sub-cellular
structures
Definition of resolution
The ability to distinguish two objects from eachother
Electron microscope vs light microscope
Microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of the specimen. Has higher magnification and a greater resolution than a light microscope.
It can allow us of see much small objects in finer detail
Formula triangle for magnification
I
A M
Recall the quantitative units and to what powers they are
Milli- 10-3
Micro-10-6
Nano-10-9
Pico-10-12
Effect of temperature on enzyme activity
As temperatures increase so does enzyme activity
37* is the optimum temperature (body temp)
To low or to high will denature enzyme
Effect of ph on enzymes
Alter enzymes shape
Different enzymes work best in different ph values.
E.g.- stomach enzymes -ph 2
Intestinal enzymes- ph 7.5
Effects of substrate concentration on enzyme activity
Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction. This is because more substrate molecules will be colliding with the enzymes therefore more product will be formed.
What does an enzyme do and explain the lock and key model
An enzyme is a protein and biological catalyst.
The lock and key model is the idea of the active site- lock (enzyme) and the substrate- key fit perfectly together and specific enzymes can only be used with their functions. When they are denatured the active site changes shape so the substrate no longer fits.
Calculation to find out the rate of enzyme activity
Rate of higher temp \ rate of lower temp
Why are enzymes important for life processes
Allow reactions to happen a lot faster, without them reactions would occur to slowly to keep you alive
Sub units from which carbohydrates, protein and lipids are formed
Sugars
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Glycerol
How are substances transported by osmosis
Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane- a form of passive transport. Water moves from high concentrations to low concentrations of water.
A low concentration of water is a high concentration of solutes.
Water will move from low concentrations of solutes to the higher concentrations of solutes (water tries to equalise)
How are substances transported by diffusion
Diffusion is the process in which particles spread out and then move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Particles of a substance will move with the a concentration gradient until they are evenly spread e.g. Gas exchange in the lungs
How are substances transported by active transport
Active transport is the process by which dissolved molecules move across a cell wall membrane from a lower to a higher concentration. In active transport, particles move against the concentration gradient therefore requires an input of energy from a cell.Typically atp energy.
E.g. Minerals through root hair cells in plants
What’s an active site
An enzymes action and a region \ part of enzyme that bands to a protein or other substance during reaction.
How to test foods for starch
A drop of Iodine into the substance and if turns a dark purple starch is present
How to test foods for protein
Add drops of biurets solution and if it turns a purple then it has protein
How to test food for simple sugars
Add Benedicts solution to tubes of food and place test tubes in a beaker of boiling water.
How to calculate a percentage change
(end mass-start mass) / start mass x 100
What is the practical for osmosis in potatoes
Cut equal sized pieces of potato, blot with tissue and weigh ( so water doesn’t effect the weight) Put the pieces into different concentrations of sucrose solution. Remove, blot with tissue paper and weigh again.
