Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the sub cellular structures of the eukaryoric animal cell

Answer 1

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

Question 2

What are the sub cellular structures of the eukaryotic animal cell

Answer 2

Nucleus 
Cell membrane 
Cell wall
Chloroplasts 
Mitochondria 
Vacuole 
Ribosomes

Question 3

What are the sub cellular structures of the prokaryotic bacteria cell

Answer 3

Chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes and flagella

Question 4

How are ciliated epithelial cells adapted to their function

Answer 4

The cilia are tiny hair like structures on the surface of the cell, the hairs sweep mucas and dust and bacteria up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed

Question 5

Adaptions of the specialized plant cells

Answer 5

Xylem cells are hollow so they can carry water and minerals to trunk from the Roots and altered cell walls so they can allow passage of one vessel to another

Question 6

Adaptions of the
Neuron cell
Red blood cell

Answer 6

Neuron cells are really long so they can communicate over long distances and have ends called dendrites which connect with other neurons
Red blood cells have no nucleus so they have more room to store haemoglobin, bioconcave shape to maximize oxygen absorption and they are flexible

Question 7

Examples of specialised animal cells

Answer 7

Neuron cell
Red blood cell
Sperm cell

Question 8

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 8

Has a nucleus 
Linear DNA 
Don't always have a cell wall
Found in all Kingdoms
E.g.- plant
Animals 
Fungi 
Ribosomes

Question 9

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 9

No nucleus
Found in kingdom monera
Single circular DNA 
Haploid 
Single celled organisms 
E.g. Algae, bacteria

Question 10

Why is bacteria prokaryotic?

Answer 10

It doesn’t have a membrane bound nucleus

Question 11

How is a sperms cell specialized cells adapted to its function

Answer 11

Acrosome (special enzymes to help break through cell membrane of egg)
Haploid nucleus (contains half number of chromosomes)
A tail for mobility and mitochondria- for respiration to release energy needed for its journey.

Question 12

How are egg cells specialized cells adapted to their functions

Answer 12

Haploid nucleus- half number of chromosomes, nutrients in cytoplasm and mitochondria needed for mitosis. A special cell membrane which only allows one sperm cell to enter.

Question 13

What have changes in microscopic technology allowed us to do

Answer 13

have enabled us to see cell structures
and organelles with more clarity and detail than in the past
and increased our understanding of the role of sub-cellular
structures

Question 14

Definition of resolution

Answer 14

The ability to distinguish two objects from eachother

Question 15

Electron microscope vs light microscope

Answer 15

Microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of the specimen. Has higher magnification and a greater resolution than a light microscope.
It can allow us of see much small objects in finer detail

Question 16

Formula triangle for magnification

Answer 16

I

A M

Question 17

Recall the quantitative units and to what powers they are

Answer 17

Milli- 10-3
Micro-10-6
Nano-10-9
Pico-10-12

Question 18

Effect of temperature on enzyme activity

Answer 18

As temperatures increase so does enzyme activity
37* is the optimum temperature (body temp)
To low or to high will denature enzyme

Question 19

Effect of ph on enzymes

Answer 19

Alter enzymes shape
Different enzymes work best in different ph values.
E.g.- stomach enzymes -ph 2
Intestinal enzymes- ph 7.5

Question 20

Effects of substrate concentration on enzyme activity

Answer 20

Increasing substrate concentration increases the rate of reaction. This is because more substrate molecules will be colliding with the enzymes therefore more product will be formed.

Question 21

What does an enzyme do and explain the lock and key model

Answer 21

An enzyme is a protein and biological catalyst.
The lock and key model is the idea of the active site- lock (enzyme) and the substrate- key fit perfectly together and specific enzymes can only be used with their functions. When they are denatured the active site changes shape so the substrate no longer fits.

Question 22

Calculation to find out the rate of enzyme activity

Answer 22

Rate of higher temp \ rate of lower temp

Question 23

Why are enzymes important for life processes

Answer 23

Allow reactions to happen a lot faster, without them reactions would occur to slowly to keep you alive

Question 24

Sub units from which carbohydrates, protein and lipids are formed

Answer 24

Sugars
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Glycerol

Question 25

How are substances transported by osmosis

Answer 25

Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane- a form of passive transport. Water moves from high concentrations to low concentrations of water.
A low concentration of water is a high concentration of solutes.
Water will move from low concentrations of solutes to the higher concentrations of solutes (water tries to equalise)

Question 26

How are substances transported by diffusion

Answer 26

Diffusion is the process in which particles spread out and then move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Particles of a substance will move with the a concentration gradient until they are evenly spread e.g. Gas exchange in the lungs

Question 27

How are substances transported by active transport

Answer 27

Active transport is the process by which dissolved molecules move across a cell wall membrane from a lower to a higher concentration. In active transport, particles move against the concentration gradient therefore requires an input of energy from a cell.Typically atp energy.
E.g. Minerals through root hair cells in plants

Question 28

What’s an active site

Answer 28

An enzymes action and a region \ part of enzyme that bands to a protein or other substance during reaction.

Question 29

How to test foods for starch

Answer 29

A drop of Iodine into the substance and if turns a dark purple starch is present

Question 30

How to test foods for protein

Answer 30

Add drops of biurets solution and if it turns a purple then it has protein

Question 31

How to test food for simple sugars

Answer 31

Add Benedicts solution to tubes of food and place test tubes in a beaker of boiling water.

Question 32

How to calculate a percentage change

Answer 32

(end mass-start mass) / start mass x 100

Question 33

What is the practical for osmosis in potatoes

Answer 33

Cut equal sized pieces of potato, blot with tissue and weigh ( so water doesn’t effect the weight) Put the pieces into different concentrations of sucrose solution. Remove, blot with tissue paper and weigh again.