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Mock Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 factors which affect biodiversity

A

Deforestation reduces trees in a area in which animal use for shelter and food sources

Climate change melts icecaps Meaning polar bears don’t have their habitat

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2
Q

Name one feature of a mass transport system

A

All substances move in the same direction at the same speed

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3
Q

Why do large multicellular organisms have circulatory systems

A

Cannot obtain oxygen and nutrients or remove waste products through diffusion so require other means of transport

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4
Q

State two difference between arteries and veins

A

Veins have valves arteries don’t

Arteries small lumen. Veins large lumen

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5
Q

Name the 4 components of blood

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

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6
Q

Name 3 substances transported in blood plasma

A

Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Water

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7
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

Left atrium right atrium

Left and right ventricle

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8
Q

State the function and importance of valves in the heart

A

Prevent back flow of blood which is important to prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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9
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A

Diastole heart relaxes atria and ventricles fill with blood

Atrial systole atria contract forcing blood from the atria into the ventricles

Ventricular systole ventricles contract forcing blood from the ventricles to either the rest of the body of the lungs

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10
Q

What is active transport

A

Movement of molecules into or out of a cell from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration against a concentration gradient.energy is needed provided by atp

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11
Q

What is osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane passive no energy required

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12
Q

What is the function of channel proteins

A

Passive moving of polar molecules and ions down a concentration gradient through membranes

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the cell membrane

A

Arranged in a phospholipid bilayer
With hydrophilic head facing outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards

Presence of carrier and channel proteins which allow larger molecules to whether the membrane which can’t pass through diffusion

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14
Q

How are disaccharides formed

A

Two monosaccharides OH groups are close together and react forming a glycosidic bond between the two molecules

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15
Q

One one similarity and difference between amylose and amylopectin

A

Amylose is linear amylopectin is branched

Amylose has 1-4 glycocydic bonds amylopectin has 1-4 1-6 glycocyduc bonds

Both polysaccharides

Both used in energy storage

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16
Q

Why is water important for the body

A

Acts as a transport median for molecules to be transported

Acts as a coolant which helps preserve enzyme activity and prevent denaturing this is due to large amounts of energy required to break hydrogen bonds so a constant temperature is maintained

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17
Q

Name 3 treatments for heart disease

A

Antihypertensives reduce blood pressure

Statins reduce blood cholesterol levels

Anticoagulants reduce formation of blood clots

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18
Q

What makes up the primary structure of a protein

A

Sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds

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19
Q

What’s are start and stop codons

A

Start codon is the site where protein translation initiates

Stop codon marks the termination of the translation progress

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20
Q

What is the function of tRNA

A

Form of RNA which helps transport amino acids.

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21
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide

A

Sugar

Phosphate group

Base

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22
Q

State 3 ways exchange surfaces are adapted for efficient exchange

A

Large surface area-provides large area needed for exchange and overcomes limitations of SA TO V ratio in larger organisms

Short diffusion distance-distance substances have to move is shorter so the process is fast and efficient

Good blood supply-steeper the concentration the quicker diffusion takes place

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23
Q

What is Mutation

A

A random change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule

24
Q

How is DNA different to RNA

A

DNA is much large than RNA

DNA is double stranded

RNA is single stranded

DNA is self replicating

RNA is replicated through transcription

25
Q

How could mutation affect the function of a enzyme

A

Mutations could cause a different or faulty protein to be synthesised . For example, if the protein is an important enzyme, the specific substrate might not fit into the substrate binding site

26
Q

What is biodiversity

A

The variety of living organisms present in a area

27
Q

What is a placebo

A

A treatment which has so physiological effect used in clinical trials to eliminate human bias and ensure there is no psychological influence on results

28
Q

Why are stem cells so useful

A

They can differentiate into multiple cells meaning they can be used in a range of treatment

Grow organs

29
Q

What are the 3 types of stem cell

A

Totipotent stem cell can differentiate into any type of cell

Pluripotent stem cells can form all tissues but not while organism and are present in embryos(embryonic stem cells)

Multi potent stem cells can only form a range of cells within a certain type of tissue

30
Q

What is a stem cell

A

A undifferentiated cell

31
Q

What is genetic screening

A

Used to test for genetic disorders
Can be performer before and after impregnating

Increase risk of miscarriage

Ethical implications if parents choose to abort fetus

32
Q

One ethical issue of genetic screening

A

False reading can lead to the abortion of someone who doesn’t have a genetic disorder

Can influence parents choice on whether to abort child

33
Q

2 differences between light and electron microscopes

A

Light Both live and dead organisms can be viewed in a electron only dead ones can

Light microscope cheap and accessible

Electron expensive only owner by university and pharmaceutical companies
Inaccessible

34
Q

Two differences between xylem and phloem

A

Phloem is bidirectional can travel up and down the plant

Xylem is unidirectional only travels up the plant cell

Xylem is star shaped phloem isn’t

35
Q

What is a double blind trial

A

a type of clinical trial where neither the participants nor the researchers know which group is receiving the experimental drug and which is receiving the placebo

36
Q

What is polygenic inheritance

A

a characteristic, such as height or skin color, that is influenced by two or more genes

37
Q

Name a example of a cell,a tissue a organ and a organ system

A

Cell- muscle cell

Tissue -multiple muscle cells create muscle tissue

Organ made up of multiple muscle tissues such as bladder

Organ system-kidneys ureter bladder and urethra all parts of urinary tract

38
Q

5 features of a prokaryotic cell

A

No nucleus

Circular dna

Organelles are non membrane bound

Smaller 70s ribosomes

Presence of plasmids

39
Q

5 feature of a eukaryotic cell

A

Has a nucleus

DNA is linear

Both membrane bound and non membrane bound organelles

Larger 80s ribosomes

Associated with proteins called histones

40
Q

3 functions of mitosis

A

Producing asexual offspring which is genetically identical

Growth and repair of damaged tissue

41
Q

Name the 4 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase chromosomes condense and become more visible

Metaphase chromosomes line up in middle of cell

Anaphase sister chromatide s separated and chromosomes pulled by spindles to opposite sides of the cell ensuring 2 separated daughter cells

Telophase- new nuclear membrane forms around each of the new chromosomes and they unwind and become less compact

42
Q

What stage of the cell cycle is dna replicated

A

Interphase

43
Q

How are organisms classified

A

3 domain system either arches bacteria and eukarya

Then separated further into 5 kingdoms
Anamalia
Plantae
Fungi
Prokarytae
Protictista

44
Q

What are the products of meiosis

A

4 genetically different daughter cells

Haploid nucleus

45
Q

What is a gene locus

A

In genetics, a locus is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located

46
Q

What is a meant by a linked gene

A

Linked genes sit close together on a chromosome, making them likely to be inherited together

47
Q

What is a sex linked gene

A

Sex-linked genes are located on the sex chromosome. This means the sex of an individual affects which alleles they pass on to their offspring through their gametes. If the gene is on the X chromosome, males (XY), will only have one copy of the gene, whereas females (XX) will have two.

48
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein

A

sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chains

49
Q

what is the secondary structure of proteins

A

hydrogen bonds form between the amino acids which make sit coil into a alpha helix or beta pleted sheet

50
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

more bonds from between amino acids creating a 3d structure between r groups

51
Q

Explain the role of dna Ligase in dna replication

A

Joins sections of dna together

By forming phosphodiestrr bonds

Between phosphate and sugar

52
Q

Differences between dna and rna

A

DNA contains deoxyribose

RNA contains ribose which are slightly different sugars

RNA uses uracil instead of thymine

DNA double strand rna single strand

53
Q

How can a mutation affect a function of a enzyme

A

Changes primary protein structure which changes active site shape so substrate no longer fits

54
Q

describe how mineral ions are taken up by root hair cells

A

mineral ions taken up by active transport through carrier proteins which uses atp

55
Q
A

Biology (12 decks)

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