mobility/balance Flashcards
exam 2
what is mobility
ability of body structures or segments to move through a ROM
what is flexibility
muscle length, joint integrity and periarticular soft tissue extensibility needed t omove through a ROM
contracture
the adaptive shortening of the muscle-tendon unit and othersoft tissues that cross or surround a joint, resulting in significant resistance to passive or active mobility and limited ROM
what are noncontractile soft tissues?
- ligaments
- tendons
- joint capsules
- fascia
- noncontractile tissue in muscles
- skin
what is stress in terms of tensile load
a force (or load) per unit are
stress=stretch
what is strain in terms of tensile load
amount of deformation that occursin response to stress
deformation depends on what 2 things?
- amount of force
- duration of that force
viscoelastic deformation
time-dependent property of soft tissue
- initially resists deformation when a stretch force is applied (protective)
draw stress strain curve
good job!
what is the FITT-VP for flexibility?
F- ≥ 2x/week; more frequent for those with softtissue pathology such as contracture
I - low and slow is typically preferrable. GTO vs stretch reflex considerations
T - variable; 15,30,45,60,120 sec; no additional benefit > 60 sec
T - manual, self, machanical, apssive, assisted,active
V - 4 min per muscle group acute; 10 min per muscle group chronic
P - ???
what is balance
thedynamicprocess by which the bodys positon is maintained in equilibrium
what is needed to maintain optimal postural alignment?
muscular endurance
what faclitates optimal movement mechanics with functional mobility
muscular strength
what faciltates RFD and thereby reactivity?
rate of force development = RFD
muscular power
what body systems contribute to balance?
- visual system
- somatosensory system
- vestibular system
what is steady-state control (statice and dynamic)
ability to maintain a stable upright posture
static = at rest (sitting, standing)
dynamic = support surface is moving, body is moving on stable surface
what is anticipatory control
ability to maintain stability by compensating for destabilization assocaited with VOLITIONALLY controlled movements
- the person is in charge of the movement
what is reactive control?
ability to maintain/recover balance in response to unexpected
- external perturbations that displace the BOS
- movement acceleration (tripping)
- external forces that displace body segments and move the center of mass
what is adaptive control
ability to improve balance performance with experience
waht is ankle strategy?
particularly effective for small perturbations resuliting in LOB
what is hip strategy effective for?
effective for large and/or rapid perturbations resulting in LOB
what is weight shift strategy
often employed to control mediolateral or frontal plane perturbations
what is suspension strategy with balance?
involves rapidly lowering the body via flexing the hips, knees and ankles
- more difficult to dispalce a lower vs higher body outside its BOS
what is stepping strategy in balance?
most often employed when a large perturbation displaces the mobyd beyond the limites of stability
damage to the basal ganglia, cerebellum or supplementary motor area has difficulty with what system?
sensory system
deficits of balance with aging
theres a lot - like 6
functional declines in all sensory systems:
- long muscle onset latencies
- more frequent use of hip straegy
- tendency to initiate stepping strategy at lower levels of instability
- inefficient stepping strategy (multiple stpes, initiation of arm reactions)
- greater difficulty controlling lateral stability particularly with stepping strategy
- limited in ability to maintain balance with progressive perturbations (increase magnitude and velocity)
steady-state static balance control
what is the maintain and progression of steady-state static balance?
maintain: maitain sitting, half-kneeling, tall kneeling, and standing postures on firm surface
progess: working on soft surfaces i.e. foam, sand, grass; narrowing BOS; closing eyes
providing resistance via handheld weights or elastic resistance. adding secondary task i.e. cognitive overlay, dual tasking
steady-state dynamic balance control
what is the maintain and progress of dynamic balance?
maintain: maintain sitting, half kneeling, tall kneeling and standing posture on a moving surface (wobble board)
progress: superimosing movements (weight shift, head/neck UE movmeents. incorporating functional squat, various stepping strategies, skipping, hopping
anticipatory balance control
what is maintain and progress of anticipatory balance control?
maintain: maintain blance control with volitional movment
progress: varous UE/LE movements i.e. reaching to touch ro grasp objects, throwing or kicking a ball. using different postures for variation and throwing or rolling the balla t diff speads/heights. using functional task that involved multiple parts of body
reactive balance control
what is maintain and progress of reactive balance control
maintain: maintain/recover balance control in response to unexpected perturbations, movements and or forces
progress: adding anticipated and unanticipated challenges i.e. lifitng boxes or throwing/catching balls that are identical in appearance but different in weight, sudden change in speed, etc.
what is FIIT-VP of balance?
F = ≥ 3x/week
I= at present there is no standard measure used to assess balance training intensity (make it hard)
T = > 2hr/week
T = steady state static/dynamic, anticipatory, reactive, sensory organization, functional applications
V = 1-2 sets of 4 to 10 different static and dynamic exercises
P = variable
