mobility/balance

Question 1

what is mobility

Answer 1

ability of body structures or segments to move through a ROM

Question 2

what is flexibility

Answer 2

muscle length, joint integrity and periarticular soft tissue extensibility needed t omove through a ROM

Question 3

contracture

Answer 3

the adaptive shortening of the muscle-tendon unit and othersoft tissues that cross or surround a joint, resulting in significant resistance to passive or active mobility and limited ROM

Question 4

what are noncontractile soft tissues?

Answer 4

• ligaments
• tendons
• joint capsules
• fascia
• noncontractile tissue in muscles
• skin

Question 5

what is stress in terms of tensile load

Answer 5

a force (or load) per unit are

stress=stretch

Question 6

what is strain in terms of tensile load

Answer 6

amount of deformation that occursin response to stress

Question 7

deformation depends on what 2 things?

Answer 7

• amount of force
• duration of that force

Question 8

viscoelastic deformation

Answer 8

time-dependent property of soft tissue
- initially resists deformation when a stretch force is applied (protective)

Question 9

draw stress strain curve

Answer 9

good job!

Question 10

what is the FITT-VP for flexibility?

Answer 10

F- ≥ 2x/week; more frequent for those with softtissue pathology such as contracture
I - low and slow is typically preferrable. GTO vs stretch reflex considerations
T - variable; 15,30,45,60,120 sec; no additional benefit > 60 sec
T - manual, self, machanical, apssive, assisted,active
V - 4 min per muscle group acute; 10 min per muscle group chronic
P - ???

Question 11

what is balance

Answer 11

thedynamicprocess by which the bodys positon is maintained in equilibrium

Question 12

what is needed to maintain optimal postural alignment?

Answer 12

muscular endurance

Question 13

what faclitates optimal movement mechanics with functional mobility

Answer 13

muscular strength

Question 14

what faciltates RFD and thereby reactivity?

rate of force development = RFD

Answer 14

muscular power

Question 15

what body systems contribute to balance?

Answer 15

• visual system
• somatosensory system
• vestibular system

Question 16

what is steady-state control (statice and dynamic)

Answer 16

ability to maintain a stable upright posture

static = at rest (sitting, standing)
dynamic = support surface is moving, body is moving on stable surface

Question 17

what is anticipatory control

Answer 17

ability to maintain stability by compensating for destabilization assocaited with VOLITIONALLY controlled movements

• the person is in charge of the movement

Question 18

what is reactive control?

Answer 18

ability to maintain/recover balance in response to unexpected

• external perturbations that displace the BOS
• movement acceleration (tripping)
• external forces that displace body segments and move the center of mass

Question 19

what is adaptive control

Answer 19

ability to improve balance performance with experience

Question 20

waht is ankle strategy?

Answer 20

particularly effective for small perturbations resuliting in LOB

Question 21

what is hip strategy effective for?

Answer 21

effective for large and/or rapid perturbations resulting in LOB

Question 22

what is weight shift strategy

Answer 22

often employed to control mediolateral or frontal plane perturbations

Question 23

what is suspension strategy with balance?

Answer 23

involves rapidly lowering the body via flexing the hips, knees and ankles

• more difficult to dispalce a lower vs higher body outside its BOS

Question 24

what is stepping strategy in balance?

Answer 24

most often employed when a large perturbation displaces the mobyd beyond the limites of stability

Question 25

damage to the basal ganglia, cerebellum or supplementary motor area has difficulty with what system?

Answer 25

sensory system

Question 27

deficits of balance with aging

theres a lot - like 6

Answer 27

functional declines in all sensory systems:
- long muscle onset latencies
- more frequent use of hip straegy
- tendency to initiate stepping strategy at lower levels of instability
- inefficient stepping strategy (multiple stpes, initiation of arm reactions)
- greater difficulty controlling lateral stability particularly with stepping strategy
- limited in ability to maintain balance with progressive perturbations (increase magnitude and velocity)

Question 28

steady-state static balance control

what is the maintain and progression of steady-state static balance?

Answer 28

maintain: maitain sitting, half-kneeling, tall kneeling, and standing postures on firm surface

progess: working on soft surfaces i.e. foam, sand, grass; narrowing BOS; closing eyes
providing resistance via handheld weights or elastic resistance. adding secondary task i.e. cognitive overlay, dual tasking

Question 29

steady-state dynamic balance control

what is the maintain and progress of dynamic balance?

Answer 29

maintain: maintain sitting, half kneeling, tall kneeling and standing posture on a moving surface (wobble board)

progress: superimosing movements (weight shift, head/neck UE movmeents. incorporating functional squat, various stepping strategies, skipping, hopping

Question 30

anticipatory balance control

what is maintain and progress of anticipatory balance control?

Answer 30

maintain: maintain blance control with volitional movment

progress: varous UE/LE movements i.e. reaching to touch ro grasp objects, throwing or kicking a ball. using different postures for variation and throwing or rolling the balla t diff speads/heights. using functional task that involved multiple parts of body

Question 31

reactive balance control

what is maintain and progress of reactive balance control

Answer 31

maintain: maintain/recover balance control in response to unexpected perturbations, movements and or forces

progress: adding anticipated and unanticipated challenges i.e. lifitng boxes or throwing/catching balls that are identical in appearance but different in weight, sudden change in speed, etc.

Question 32

what is FIIT-VP of balance?

Answer 32

F = ≥ 3x/week
I= at present there is no standard measure used to assess balance training intensity (make it hard)
T = > 2hr/week
T = steady state static/dynamic, anticipatory, reactive, sensory organization, functional applications
V = 1-2 sets of 4 to 10 different static and dynamic exercises
P = variable