MNT-Kidneys & Diabetes Flashcards
-initial site of filtration in kidneys
-cup shape, encapsulates glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
-blocks red blood cells & proteins from entering, allows filtrate thru
-acts like a filter
-capillaries
Glomerulus
absorbs nutrients from filtrate to keep them in the body
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
creates concentration gradients for water and sodium balance
Loop of Henle
-regulates reabsorption of water and electrolytes
-helps maintain acid-base balance
distal tubule
filter blood & maintain water balance in entire body
kidneys
functional units of kidneys
nephrons
-kidney functions
-“SAFE”
Secrete hormones
Absorb electrolytes, water
Filters waste, protein
Excretes waste, urea
vasopressin hormone from kidneys
ADH
most common type of kidney stone
Calcium Oxolate
Reccs:
2 L water/day
sufficient calcium
low oxalates (4-50 mg/day)
Kidney stones
Reccs:
-IV macronutrients
-low sodium potassium, phosphorous
-25-40 cals/kg
Acute kidney injury
DTD:
-gradual loss in kidney function
-GFR as an indicator
-Sxs: Nausea, vomit, weight loss, anemia
Chronic Kidney Disease
GFR decreases, protein needs decrease
Stages move 1-4 in CKD
-kidneys no longer function, causing toxin buildup
-GFR less than 15
-BUN >100 (accumulates)
-“Stage 5”
End Stage Renal Disease
Blood pumped out of the arm and thru machine
-Protein: 1-1.2 g/kg
-Vits: Bro, I’m Positive Zombies Can’t Follow Directions
Hemodialysis
catheter in abdomen to pull out waste and excess fluid
-Protein 1.2-1.3 g/kg
-less cals/carbs
Peritoneal Dialysis
Decreased secretion of adosterone, cortisol & androgens
ex: lower sodium, dehydration, potassium
Addison’s Disease
body is impaired at moving glucose from blood into cells, causing high glucose in blood
Diabetes
Hormone decreases blood glucose levels
Insulin
Hormone increases blood glucose levels
Glucagon
-Fasting Plasma Glucose
-Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
-Hemoglobin A1C
Glucose/Diabetes tests
FPC >126
OGT>200
A1C>6.5%
Diabetes
DTD:
-autoimmune
-GADA present
-body doesn’t make enough insulin, but still responds to synthetic
Type I Diabetes
-body makes insulin but tissues don’t responds to it well (resistance)
-assoc: sedentary, smoking, hypertension, obesity
-acanthosis nigricans (brown pigments on skin)
Type II Diabetes
Type I Diabetes reccs
-monitor bg & insulin
-carb counting
-time meals
organ that produces & releases insulin
Pancreas
Risk: fetal macrosomnia (large baby) & fetal hypoglycemia
Reccs: 176 g of CHO/day, glucose control, maybe insulin
gestational diabetes
-Pre meal/bolus insulins
-5-15 mins before eating
ex: Aspart, Lispro
Rapid Acting Insulins
-pre meal/bolus
30-45 mins before
short-acting insulin
basal/background
lasts 2-4 hrs (taken morning and night-night snack)
-ex: NPHs
Intermediate acting insulins
basal/background
last 18-24 hrs
ex: levemir, lantus
Long Acting Insulins
-insulin pump provides both basal and bolus insulin
Continuous sustained insulin infusion
-drug that inhibits gluconeogenesis in liver
-s/e: GI, B12 def, anemia
Metformin
-drugs that decrease glucagon levels, increase insulin, increase satiety & delay gastric emptying
GLP-1 receptor antagonists
-increase in morning blood glucose
dawn phenomenon
MNT: insulin therapy and rehydration
ketoacidosis
-resources used in diabetes meal planning to help carb intake
-classifies food in carb content and portion sizes
carbohydrate exchange list
fruits, starch, misc-15
milks-12
non starchy veg-5
common carb exchange values
