MNT-Kidneys & Diabetes

Question 1

-initial site of filtration in kidneys
-cup shape, encapsulates glomerulus

Answer 1

Bowman’s Capsule

Question 2

-blocks red blood cells & proteins from entering, allows filtrate thru
-acts like a filter
-capillaries

Answer 2

Glomerulus

Question 3

absorbs nutrients from filtrate to keep them in the body

Answer 3

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Question 4

creates concentration gradients for water and sodium balance

Answer 4

Loop of Henle

Question 5

-regulates reabsorption of water and electrolytes
-helps maintain acid-base balance

Answer 5

distal tubule

Question 6

filter blood & maintain water balance in entire body

Answer 6

kidneys

Question 7

functional units of kidneys

Answer 7

nephrons

Question 8

-kidney functions
-“SAFE”

Answer 8

Secrete hormones
Absorb electrolytes, water
Filters waste, protein
Excretes waste, urea

Question 9

vasopressin hormone from kidneys

Answer 9

ADH

Question 10

most common type of kidney stone

Answer 10

Calcium Oxolate

Question 11

Reccs:
2 L water/day
sufficient calcium
low oxalates (4-50 mg/day)

Answer 11

Kidney stones

Question 12

Reccs:
-IV macronutrients
-low sodium potassium, phosphorous
-25-40 cals/kg

Answer 12

Acute kidney injury

Question 13

DTD:
-gradual loss in kidney function
-GFR as an indicator
-Sxs: Nausea, vomit, weight loss, anemia

Answer 13

Chronic Kidney Disease

Question 14

GFR decreases, protein needs decrease

Answer 14

Stages move 1-4 in CKD

Question 15

-kidneys no longer function, causing toxin buildup
-GFR less than 15
-BUN >100 (accumulates)
-“Stage 5”

Answer 15

End Stage Renal Disease

Question 16

Blood pumped out of the arm and thru machine
-Protein: 1-1.2 g/kg
-Vits: Bro, I’m Positive Zombies Can’t Follow Directions

Answer 16

Hemodialysis

Question 17

catheter in abdomen to pull out waste and excess fluid
-Protein 1.2-1.3 g/kg
-less cals/carbs

Answer 17

Peritoneal Dialysis

Question 18

Decreased secretion of adosterone, cortisol & androgens
ex: lower sodium, dehydration, potassium

Answer 18

Addison’s Disease

Question 19

body is impaired at moving glucose from blood into cells, causing high glucose in blood

Answer 19

Diabetes

Question 20

Hormone decreases blood glucose levels

Answer 20

Insulin

Question 21

Hormone increases blood glucose levels

Answer 21

Glucagon

Question 22

-Fasting Plasma Glucose
-Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
-Hemoglobin A1C

Answer 22

Glucose/Diabetes tests

Question 23

FPC >126
OGT>200
A1C>6.5%

Answer 23

Diabetes

Question 24

DTD:
-autoimmune
-GADA present
-body doesn’t make enough insulin, but still responds to synthetic

Answer 24

Type I Diabetes

Question 25

-body makes insulin but tissues don't responds to it well (resistance) -assoc: sedentary, smoking, hypertension, obesity -acanthosis nigricans (brown pigments on skin)

Answer 25

Type II Diabetes

Question 26

Type I Diabetes reccs

Answer 26

-monitor bg & insulin -carb counting -time meals

Question 27

organ that produces & releases insulin

Answer 27

Pancreas

Question 28

Risk: fetal macrosomnia (large baby) & fetal hypoglycemia Reccs: 176 g of CHO/day, glucose control, maybe insulin

Answer 28

gestational diabetes

Question 29

-Pre meal/bolus insulins -5-15 mins before eating ex: Aspart, Lispro

Answer 29

Rapid Acting Insulins

Question 30

-pre meal/bolus 30-45 mins before

Answer 30

short-acting insulin

Question 31

basal/background lasts 2-4 hrs (taken morning and night-night snack) -ex: NPHs

Answer 31

Intermediate acting insulins

Question 32

basal/background last 18-24 hrs ex: levemir, lantus

Answer 32

Long Acting Insulins

Question 33

-insulin pump provides both basal and bolus insulin

Answer 33

Continuous sustained insulin infusion

Question 34

-drug that inhibits gluconeogenesis in liver -s/e: GI, B12 def, anemia

Answer 34

Metformin

Question 35

-drugs that decrease glucagon levels, increase insulin, increase satiety & delay gastric emptying

Answer 35

GLP-1 receptor antagonists

Question 36

-increase in morning blood glucose

Answer 36

dawn phenomenon

Question 37

MNT: insulin therapy and rehydration

Answer 37

ketoacidosis

Question 38

-resources used in diabetes meal planning to help carb intake -classifies food in carb content and portion sizes

Answer 38

carbohydrate exchange list

Question 39

fruits, starch, misc-15 milks-12 non starchy veg-5

Answer 39

common carb exchange values