[MND] All Pathologies Flashcards
Traumatic Brain Injury is defined as
Damage to the brain resulting from external mechanical forces
Parkinson’s Disease is defined as a
Chronic-progressive disorder of the CNS due to a loss of dopamine producing neurones from the substantial nigra in the basal ganglia
Multiple Sclerosis is defined as
An autoimmune inflammatory disease of upper motor neurons that results in the destruction of myelin, oligodendrocytes, and axons, which can result in physical, mental and sometimes psychiatric problems
The term spinal cord injury is defined as/refers to
Neurological damage of the spinal cord following trauma
A haemorrhagic stroke results from a
weakened vessel that ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain. Resulting in blood accumulating and compressing the surrounding brain tissue.
What types of haemorrhagic stroke is there?
Intracerebral (within the brain)
Subarachnoid
What does ischemic stroke refer to?
An interruption in the flow of blood to the brain. The most common kind of stroke
Cerebral Palsy is defined as a
Group of disorders primarily affecting the development of movement and posture causing limitation of activity
Dementia can be defined as a
clinical syndrome characterised by a disturbance in memory, cognitive and emotional abilities severe enough to interfere with daily function and quality of life.
What are the causes of traumatic brain injury
transportation accidents, construction, sports. Violence, especially in countries such as the US. Firearms, blast injuries, falls.
What are the causes of Parkinson’s Disease
Most cases it is idiopathic (no known cause; approx 70% of cases. Some cases may result from infections, drugs, toxins, trauma, genetic factors and vascular disease
What are the causes of Multiple Sclerosis?
Idiopathic (no known cause)
Factors such as genetics and environments may play a roll. The underlying mechanism is thought to be destruction by the immune system or the failure of myelin producing cells (oligodendrocytes)
What are the causes of Spinal Cord Injury?
Falls is considered a common cause. Other causes include gunshots, knife (penetrating causes), whiplash, car crash (hyper flexion), tumours etc
What is the cause of stroke?
The primary cause is underlying heart or blood vessel disease.
What is the cause of cerebral palsy?
Caused by damage to the developing nervous system, before or during birth or in the early months of infancy. Causes can be all types of strokes, head injuries, hereditary disease, brain injuries and infections
What is the cause of dementia?
Same as the main subtypes:
Alzheimer’s disease
Dementia with lewy Bodies
Dementias linked with other medical conditions, i.e. hunting tons and parkinsons
What is the definition of Downs Syndrome?
A genetic syndrome relating to an abnormality associated with chromosome 21. The syndrome comprises of several specific physical and psychological features and an increased risk of medical complications
What is the cause of Downs Syndrome?
In 95% of cases the cause is an extra copy of chromosome 21 occurring in the developing foetus resulting in the child being born with 47 chromosomes in each cell instead of 46. This changes the normal development of the body and brain
What are the risk factors for traumatic brain injury?
Risk factors can range from alcohol use to not wearing helmets when riding a motorbike