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MLT 125-Immunohematology > MLT 125 Final Exam > Flashcards

MLT 125 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Main Ig in primary response

A

IgM

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2
Q

Main Ig in secondary response
incomplete or blocking antibodies
predominant Ig type found in the Rh system

A

IgG

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3
Q

Explain Landsteiner’s Law

A

Ab are present in plasma only when the corresponding Ag is NOT present on the RBC.

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4
Q

Where are antigens found? Antibodies?

A

on the rbc

in the plasma/serum

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5
Q 
Antibodies that are found in the following blood groups:
A
B
O
AB
A

A - anti B
B - anti A
O - anti A, anti B, anti A,B
AB - none

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6
Q

exposure to genetically different AG from same species: transfusion, pregnancy

A

alloantibody

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7
Q

produced to self Ag; autoimmune diseases; is removed by elution

A

autoantibody

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8
Q

The amount of H substance demonstrated on the cells in order of decreasing reactivity

A 
O
A2
B
A2B
A1
A1B
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9
Q

Testing for presence or absence of RBC Ag with antisera; looking for what Ag is on pt blood

A

Forward grouping

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10
Q

Testing for presence or absence of Ab in pt serum with screening cells

A

Reverse grouping

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11
Q

What is the purpose of performing an absorption?

A

remove Ab from serum or plasma

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12
Q

List five examples of factors influencing Ag-Ab reactions

A 
Time
Centrifugation
pH
Ag-Ab ratio
Temp
Ig type
Ionic strength medium
Incubation time
Binding sites
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13
Q

Why don’t labs perform reverse blood groupings on newborns?

A

RBC Ag isn’t fully developed

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14
Q

Name the antisera used in ABO/Rh

A

anti-A, anti-B, anti-D

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15
Q

Anti-A1 is occasionally found in individuals of what blood group?

A

A2

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16
Q

What is one of the best ways to test a pt to see if they have a subgroup or variant of the A blood type?

A

test plasma/serum with A1 cells

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17
Q

Describe two types of AHG and what is in them

A

polyspecific; anti-complement and anti-IgG

monospecific; one or the other

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18
Q

The lectin in what plant has a specificity for anti-H?

A

ulex europaeus

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19
Q

What is the main purpose of washing rbc’s used for testing in an antiglobulin test?

A

to prevent neutralization of AHG by globulins

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20
Q

The extract from what plant is used to distinguish type A1 cells from other other A cells?

A

Dolichos biflorus

anti_a1 lectin

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21
Q

The weakest agglutination would be seen with anti-A in what A subgroup?

A

A3

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22
Q

detects Ab and or complement attached to RBC
useful in detecting HDN, HTR, AIHA
gamma and beta globulins

A

DAT

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23
Q 
detects Ab or complement attached to RBC, in tube testing
incomplete Ab to potential donor rbc
rbc phenotyping
titre
Ab screen and compatibility testing
A

IAT

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24
Q

How can cold agglutinins be excluded in a crossmatch?

A

prewarm Xm

cold AC

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25
Q

What is the purpose of anti-A1 lectin?

A

to ID A1 subgroup

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26
Q

What is the purpose of anti-A,B antisera?

A

to detect subgroups of A that are weaker than A2

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27
Q

What type of test would demonstrate that group A or B fetal cells have been coated with the maternal group O antibodies?

A

DAT

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28
Q

What type of antibodies does an antiglobulin test detect?

A

IgG

blocking/incomplete

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29
Q

Which rare blood type produces natural anti-H antibodies?

A

Oh; Bombay

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30
Q

Name a procedure you could perform in BB to remove rouleaux formation.

A

saline replacement

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31
Q

ABO and Rh antibodies are most often implicated in what serious condition that affects newborns and fetuses?

A

HDFN

mother produces IgG alloAb

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32
Q

What must be done to a donor unit to firmly establish that it is indeed Rh =?

A

weak D test

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33
Q

When is Rh immunoglobulin (Rhogam) give to Rh = mothers?

A

28 weeks and within 72 hours of delivery

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34
Q

What causes kernicterus in newborns?

A

infiltration of the brain and spinal cord with unconjugated bilirubin which causes permanent damage to CNS

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35
Q

What type of BB testing is used to detect weak D?

A

IAT - in vitro

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36
Q

Before testing, what must be done to all cord cells and why?

A

Wash to remove Wharton’s jelly

interfers with blood typing

37
Q

What causes HDFN?

A

Antibodies directed against the Rh Ag D
destruction on rbc of fetus and neonate by antibodies produced by the mother(Rh=).

maternal cells lack Ag that fetal cells have

38
Q 
What substances do the following individuals secrete into their saliva in terms of ABO?
A blood group
B blood group
O blood group
AB blood group
A

A, H
B, H
H
none

39
Q

How must an individual inherit Lewis, secretor, and H genes in order to secrete Le^b substance?

A

Le, Se, H

Le, Se, h

40
Q

You have a patient that has developed Lewis antibodies. What type of donor blood would you want to give them?

A

Le(a-b-)

41
Q

Genotypes le, se, and h are said to be what?

A

recessive

amorphic

42
Q

What percentage of Caucasians are secretors?

A

80%

43
Q

What components are used for testing in a major XM and what is the purpose of this testing?

A

donor cells to recipient plasma

to ensure safety of transfusion and pt survival

44
Q

Which antibodies can show up as cold agglutinins?

A

M, N, I, P1, Le^a, Le^b

45
Q

Which antibodies belong to the Kidd blood group system?

A

Jk^a

Jk^b

46
Q

What antigen is known to be sex linked?

A

Xg^a

47
Q

The i antigen is most prevalent in what type of population?

A

newborns

48
Q

Which antibodies are know to cause delayed HTR?

A

Kidd

49
Q

Why is transfusion of specific blood components preferable to the use of whole blood?

A 
treat many pts with a single donation
reduces risk of circulatory overload
not wasted
reduces reactions "safer"
  concentrated form of the required fraction can be administered
50
Q

Name some of the routine testing generally performed on donor blood.

A 
ABO/Rh
Ab screen
Syphilis
Viral resting; HIV, Hep, CMV
weak D
51
Q

self donation

advantage for rare blood types

A

autologus donation

52
Q

intended for specific recipient

A

directed donation

53
Q

What is emergency release?

A

an order for blood accompanied by the signed statement of the doctor accepting full responsibility for the transfusion of uncrossmatched, O= blood.

54
Q

concentrated; small amount of plasma

A

platelets

55
Q

5 days

20-24 degrees/RT with agitation

A

platelets

56
Q

concentrated cells; small amount of blood

A

RBC

57
Q

CPDA - 35 days

1-6 degrees

A

packed rbc

58
Q

10 yrs

-65 to -120 degrees

A

frozen rbc

59
Q

FFP

A

fresh frozen plasma

60
Q

1 yr

-18 degrees

A

FFP

Cryo

61
Q

insoluble portion of plasma that remains after thawing FFP

A

cryo

62
Q

What is therapeutic phlebotomy? Why is it used? Name two conditions that might require this kind of treatment.

A

Blood letting

removal of blood from pt with certain conditions; such as polycythemia, hemochromatosis, porphyrias

63
Q

How long should someone wait between whole blood donations?

A

8 weeks

64
Q

How often should a new sample be collected on a blood recipient when a series of transfusions are to be administered over a period of time?

A

3 days

65
Q

When transfusing packed rbc what is the total amount (+ or - 10%) that is routinely transfused?

A

280 mL

66
Q

Why is there storage limits of 21 days put on CPD blood stored at 5 degrees?

A

to preserve viability of 70% of red cells post transfusion

67
Q

List reasons for a permanent deferral from donating blood

A 
IV drug user
hemophiliac
MS
viral hepatitis
clotting disorders
68
Q

What is plasmapheresis?

A

removal of blood; separation of plasma from blood; rbc returned to donor

69
Q

What is the most common of all transfusion reactions?

What causes febrile reactions to occur?

A

Febrile and allergic

leukocyte Ab, sytokines/pyrogen, plt Ab

70
Q

Name 2 acceptable methods for thawing FFP

A

FDA approved microwaves

water bath

71
Q

Which government agency is regulatory agency providing licensure for BB reagents?

A

FDA

72
Q

Packed red cells if hepatic seal is broken but unit has been refridgerated

A

24 hours

73
Q

Six units of plt have been pooled in an open system

A

4 hour at 20-24 degrees

74
Q

FFP has been thawed is refridgerated

A

24 hours

75
Q

What is the temp limit for shipping packed rbc?

A

1-10 degrees

76
Q

What does refractory mean and which blood component is it associated with?

A

unresponsive; to plt transfusion

77
Q

Why are patient specimens kept in the lab after testing is completed and for how long?

A

in case of concern; transfusion reactions, mis-ID

7 days

78
Q

Name the methods of good record keeping in the BB

A

indelible ink
record data in correct log
cross out, date and initial mistakes

79
Q

How long are most BB records kept in the lab?

A

12 months

80
Q

What is the number one source of error in BB

A

clerical; mislabeling

81
Q

Factor VIII deficiency

A

Cryo

82
Q

Marked thrombocytopenia

A

plt

83
Q

Factor V deficiency

A

FFP

84
Q

Exchange transfusion

A

fresh whole blood

85
Q

Severe burns

A

human serum albumin

86
Q

Chronic anemia

A

packed red cell

87
Q

Acute blood loss

A

whole blood

88
Q

Hemophilia

A

Cryo

MLT 125-Immunohematology (6 decks)

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