deck_3529203 Flashcards by Alex Olsen

locus

location of the gene on the chromosome

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allele

one of two or more different genes that may occupy a specific locus on a chromosome

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homozygous

having two identical alleles for a given gene

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heterozygous

having two different alleles for a given gene

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dominant

a gene that is always expressed wether it is present in the homo or heterozygous state

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recessive

a gene that is expressed only when it is in the homozygous state

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co-dominant (egalitarian)

both alleles are expressed in the heterozygous sate (AB blood)

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amorph or silent allele

a gene that produces no products even in homozygous state

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phenotype

the detectable products of genes only discovered through the description of observed traits or the result of direct testing (physical trait)

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genotype

total sum of genes present on the chromosomes with the respect to the one or more characteristics, regardless of wether or not they produce detectable products

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zeta potential

decrease in the electrical charge of RBC when it is suspended in a high ionic strength colloidal medium (albumin) also decreases the repulsion of the RBC

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what is the “job” of IgG and IgM in terms of bridging the gap between RBC?

IgM bridges the gap easier because they are larger than IgG

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what is the temp reactivity of IgG and IgM?

G- 30-37CM- 4-27C

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what is the effect of LISS in the Ag-Ab reaction?

the addition of LISS will help the rate of association between antigen and antibody. the rate is increased by lowering the ionic strength.

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what are the 4 enzymes used in blood bank?

ficinpapaintrypsinbromelin

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AHG effects and what does it do?

useful in detecting IgG and complement

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what is dosage?

homozygous gives stronger reactions then heterozygous

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what its he genotype and phenotype of bombay?

Oh- phenotypehh- genotype

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which precursor type substance for ABH antigens?

type 2

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name the two stages of RBC agglutination in correct order of sequence

1)sensitization2) clumping (agglutination)

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the reverse or backside test detects the presence or absence of?

antibodies using the patient’s serum/plasma

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the forward test detects?

antigens on the patients RBC using antisera

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does lewis cause HDN? why?

no, because it cannot cross the placenta and because it is not fully developed in a newborn

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what antibodies most often cause HDN?

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what are you called if you have no Rh antigens?

Rh null

T/F lewis antibodies are enhanced by enzymes

true

T/F lewis antigens ten to become stronger during pregnancy

false- they become weaker

T/F lewis antibodies usually occur without known RBC stimulus

true

T/F the lewis system includes soluble antigens that are present in saliva and plasma with antigenic determinants occurring naturally on the RBC surface

false - they are made in the tissue and are not on the RBC surface

T/F lewis antibodies commonly cause HDN and HTR

false - they cannot cross the placenta and they will convert in a transfusion

T/F the Rh system was the first to be discovered and by far the most significant for transfusion practice

false- the ABO was the first to be discovered and is most significant for the transfusion

T/F Rh Abs react more strongly at 4C than at 37C

false- IgG likes 37

T/F Rh Abs can pass the placenta

true

T/F Rh Abs are not a frequent cause of HDN

false

where would we find anti-A1?

A2BA3AxA2

where would you see mixed field agglutination with Anti-A?

what % of caucasians are secretors?

80%

where would you find anti-AB antiserum?

O blood type

anti-C antiserum will react with an individual with type ?

R1R2 (DCe/DcE)r ry (dce/dCE)Rz r ( DCE/dce)r'r" (dCe/dcE)any """C""""

when would you do a weak D testing?

if the initial spin is negative for a donor

what would be a good indication of HDN testing?

DAT - ( if + do an elution and antibody ID)

what is dolichos biflorus?

an anti-A1 lectin used to confirm the antigens on RBC

who is a good candidate for Rho-gam?

Rh- negative mothers who deliver Rh+ babies

list the H substance demonstrated in order of decreasing reactivity

O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B

what is landsteiner's rule?

Ab are present in plasma only when the corresponding Ag is not present on the RBC

why are cord cells washed?

to remove Wharton's jelly (Wharton's jelly may cause agglutination and false +)

secretor status test used for H substance

inhibition and neutralization tests

why is Anti-AB antiserum used in the lab?

detections of subgroups of A weaker than A2

be able to pick mothers and babies who would get Rhogam

mother is negative baby is positive

convert Fisher-Race and Wiener . know how to use this chart interchangably

R/r to CDER determines D. R=D r=dR1/r' = CeR2/r'' = cERo/r = ceRz/ ry = CE

if you have two parents that are A1/A1 and A1/A2 what is the phenotype of their offspring?

if you have MM and MN, which agglutinates more strongly? why?

MM due to the dosage effect. it affects more strongly in the homozygous state

will time have an effect on antigen/antibody reaction?

yes

will over centrifugation cause a false negative in an anitgen/antibody reaction?

no- it is more likely to give a false positive

is a reaction at 4C clinically significant?

if you decrease serum:cell ratio does it provide more antibody molecules to the antigen sites available for reaction?

are lewis antibodies clinically significant?

can non secretors secrete ABO substances regardless of ABO group?

Name two substances that can reduce the zeta potential and allow RBC to approach each other more closely and be agglutinated

albumin LISS

name two other influencing factors in Ag-Ab reactions

temp.pHcentrifugationamount of timeAg:Abconcentrationionic strengthdosage

the ___ gene is necessary for the expression of the ABO genes

Ulex europeaus is a lectin with __ specificity, whereas Dolichos biflorus is a lectin with ___ specificity

Anti-H and Anti-A

List the three genotypes that produce the A1 phenotype

A1A1A1A2A1O

list the possible genotypes and phenotypes from a mating of AB and BO individuals

ABBAO

individuals that do not inherit the H gene have the genotype ___ and are said to have the __ phenotype; they also possess an additional Ab, ___ , in comparison to normal O individuals

hh, bombay, anti-H

what is the Rh negative genotype

For rh antibodies which is true?-react better at 37C then 4C-cross the placenta-frequently cause HDN

all are true

if you had the following blood types, which would cause a mixed-field agglutination?ABA1A3AxO

do some A2 individuals produce anti-A1?

yes- 8%

if you had the following blood types, which would react with anti-C?DcedceDcE/DcEdCe

dCe

which is the least useful for studying HDN-elution and antibody ID-serum billirubin-direct antiglobulin-cord blood hemoglobinsecretor testing

secretor testing

where is the purpose of the Rh immune globulin?

to prevent sensitization of the Rh negative mother to the baby's Rh positive blood

to truly designate Rh negative:

Blood will not react with Anti-Dproceed to weak D testing

which would be useful in detecting secretor status for H substance?- A1 lectin-boiled saliva-ulex europaeus extract-A cells- O cells

boiled salivaulex europaeus extractO cells

if a mother is D = and Dw = and a father is homozygous for D antigen, what will their offspring's genotype be?

100 % Dd

what causes HDN to occur?

maternal cells lack antigen that fetal cells have. that is what causes sensitization

reverse ABO grouping is inadequate to...

newborns

name the antiseras used in detecting Rh

anti-Danti-Canti-Eanti-canti-e

another name for the F antigen is

compound antigen

what is present when F antigen is expressed on the RBC

c and e inherited on the same haplotype

which will react with anti-F?DCeDcEDcedCedcF

Dce

with R1R1 individuals (DCe/DCe) if given dce, what antibody will most likely form?

anti-c

which blood group reacts most strongly with anti-H lectin? (ulex europaeus)

group O

dce

dCe

r''

dcE

dCE

DCe

R''

DcE

Dce

DCE

what are the Rh genes in order of frequency in caucasians?

most frequent: R'- DCe2nd: r-dce3rd:R''-DcEleast frequent: ry- dCE

what are good indications of HDN?

bilirubinDAThemoglobin