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MLT 125-Immunohematology > Immunohematology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Immunohematology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Any procedure of injecting immunogenic material into the body in order to induce immunity is known as?

A

Vaccination

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2
Q

Movement toward a stimulus, particularly the movement displayed by phagocytic cells towards bacteria and cites of cell injury; chemical messengers are know as?

A

Chemotaxis/Chemotaxins

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3
Q

The study of the reactions(immune response) of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body is known as?

A

Immunology

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4
Q

Serum plasma protein that coats bacteria; increase susceptibility to ingestion by phagocytosis

A

Opsonins

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5
Q

Factor in serum(plasma protein) that are formed in a response to a foreign substance exposure; Ig’s

A

Antibodies; Ab

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6
Q

Absolute protection against particular diseases associated with species characteristics

A

Nonsusceptibility

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7
Q

Ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions

A

Natural Immunity

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8
Q

Condition of being resistant to infection

A

Immunity

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9
Q

Study of the noncellular portion of the blood known as serum

A

Serology

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10
Q

Engulfment of cells or particulate matter by leukocytes, macrophages and other cells; cellular immunity

A

Phagocytosis

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11
Q

A foreign substance that induces such an immune response

A

Antigen; Ag

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12
Q

Induced by exposure to an infectious agent; usually as a result of natural infection or vaccination; i.e. exposure

A

Active Immunity

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13
Q

Injection of antibodies derived from another individual; antibodies acquired in utero i.e. breastmilk, IVIg

A

Passive Immunity

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14
Q

Produced by the transfer of Ag sensitive(primed or immunocompetent) lymphocytes from a actively immunized donor to a nonimmune recipient(immuno-incompetent); transfer of cells/lymphocytes;

A

Adoptive Immunity

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15
Q

What are 4 opsonins?

A

C-Reactive Protein
Complement Components
Antibodies
MBP- mannose binding protein

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16
Q

Cytokines that are produced primarily by lymphocytes; stimulated T-cells that regulate functions of other cells and tissues; end product of T-cell, Ag recognition

A

Lymphokines

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17
Q

Extends periods of Ag exposure; when combines with an Ag they enhance the antibody response to that Ag ie. metals in HepB vaccine

A

Adjuvant

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18
Q

Situation in which under certain conditions a foreign Ag fails to elicit the formation of Ab in the recipient; specific suppression of the immune system toward a particular Ag

A

Immune tolerance

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19
Q

Where are B-lymphocytes made?

A

bone marrow; humoral immunity

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20
Q

Where are T-lymphocytes made?

A

thymus; cellular immunity

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21
Q

Name 2 types of T-cells

A

T-helper/effectors

T-regulatory/cytotoxic(CD8)

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22
Q

What cells differentiate into plasma cells and what do they secrete?

A

B-cells; Ab

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23
Q

Describe primary immune response, which Ig is produced.

A

IgM; after primary encounter of foreign Ag; 1st time body has been exposed

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24
Q

Describe secondary(anamnestic) response, which Ig does it produce?

A

IgG; 1-2 weeks after first exposure; faster response; higher for longer

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25
Q

Explain role of memory cells

A

rapidly activated upon secondary exposure; provide long lived protection to the individual against disease caused by the Ag

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26
Q

Acquired agammaglobulimia

A

immunodeficiency disease where decrease in IgG results in greater susceptibility to infection

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27
Q

What happens in mulitple myeloma, what Ig is overproduced?

A

plasma tumor cells in the bone marrow that over produce Ig, mostly IgG; immunoclonial gammapathy

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28
Q

What fragment directs biological activity?

A

constant region Fc

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29
Q

What fragment possesses antigen binding ability?

A

Fab-variable region

30
Q

Ig light chain can occur as____, but never both?

A

kappa or lambda

31
Q

Determinant site; molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by Ab or T-cells.

A

Epitope

32
Q

What molecular weight must an antigen have to be recognized?

A

10,000 daltons or more

33
Q

List the proper sequence in the classical pathway.

A

C1,q,r,s-C4-C2-C3-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9

calicum at C1, Mg to cleave C4,C2

34
Q

What is meant by the properdin pathway?

A

alternat pathway; thought to be started by properdin

35
Q

Cytolytic complement?

A

C8

36
Q

Complement that accelerates lysis?

A

C9

37
Q

Functions and characteristics of IgG

A

Pass placenta;fix complements; accounts for 75% of Ig; opsinization, neutralization of toxin and virus; first response in Secondary response

38
Q

Functions and characteristics of IgM

A

5 basic structural units; First Ig in primary response; fixes complement; response to gram-negative bacteria; first Ig formed in newborns; op&aggl

39
Q

Capable of binding on mast cells&basophils; low serum concentration; respiratory and GI tract; synonym is reagin; defense in parasitic infections and allergic reactions; RAST

A

IgE

40
Q

Main Ig in body secretions; secretory component; confers immunity from mom to newborn

A

IgA

41
Q

IgD

A

little is known; role in activation of B-cell

42
Q

Two Ig’s that can fix complements

A

IgG and IgM

43
Q

Which complement components are bypassed in alternate pathway

A

C1,4,2(interaction) replaced with factor B,D and properdin

44
Q

What is the third complement pathway?

A

Lectin pathway; Ab-independent; mannose binding lectin

45
Q

Which element hols together the C1 complement?

A

Calcium

46
Q

Which element is required for C2 complement interaction?

A

Magnesium

47
Q

Which complement component is the most abundant?

A

C3

48
Q

Early defenders against pathogens, null cells, large granulocytes with the ability to mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure to them

A

NK-natural killer cells

49
Q

How many Fc fragments are needed to activate complement?

A

2

50
Q

Name two ways to inactivate complement in a serum sample

A

heat to 56 degress C

age for a few weeks

51
Q

These exist in unrelated plants and animals and are identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one with cross react with antibody of the other.

A

Heterophile Antigens

52
Q

Ag’s found in nucleated cells that play a key role in the immune response.

A

HLA-human leukocyte antigen

53
Q

What is the system of genes that control the expression of HLA?

A

MHC- major histocompatibility complex

54
Q

Involves IgM overproduction, non-Hodgkins lymphoma; effect B-cell

A

Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia

55
Q

Substances that are antgenic only when coupled to a protein carrier, ie. poison ivy

A

Haptens

56
Q

Cowpox provided immunity to small pox; Demonstrated cross-immunity

A

Jenner’s discovery

57
Q

Metchkinoff is known for first describing what process in the immune response?

A

Phagocytosis-cellular immunity

58
Q

Demonstrated that aged cultures lose virulence but retain the capacity to induce immunity-accentuated vaccine

A

Pastuer

59
Q

Name five ways the body has and uses its natural immunity.

A

Internal: Inflammation, Acute phase reactants, Phagocytosis
External: Skin, Lysosome, lactic acid, cilia, HCL in stomach, normal flora in gut

60
Q

Attacks the bacterial cell wall, especially gram positives, thus playing an important role in external defense; in many secretions; tears, saliva

A

Lysosome

61
Q

Structure formed by the fusion of engulfed material and enzymatic granules within the phagocytic cell.

A

Phagolysosome

62
Q

WBC capable of further differentiation in tissue

A

Monocyte

63
Q

WBC is the primary agent in defense of the body against parasitic infections

A

Eosinophils

64
Q

WBC is the primary agent against bacterial infection

A

Neutrophils

65
Q

WBC is the primary agent against viral infections

A

Lymphocytes

66
Q

What competes with pathogens for nutrients in the defense mechanism of the body?

A

Normal Flora

67
Q

What is the equivalent in humans as the bursa of Fabricius in birds?

A

Bone marrow

68
Q

Sheep red blood cells demonstrate rosetting due to which T cell receptors?

A

CD2

69
Q

A non-specific indicator of inflammation that is known to appear BEFORE antibodies

A

C-reactive protein

70
Q

Which class of cells does the EB virus selectively invade?

A

B-cells

71
Q

CD4 antigen is found on which T-cell?

A

helper T-cells

MLT 125-Immunohematology (6 decks)

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