Immunohematology Exam 1 Flashcards by Alex Olsen

Any procedure of injecting immunogenic material into the body in order to induce immunity is known as?

Vaccination

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Movement toward a stimulus, particularly the movement displayed by phagocytic cells towards bacteria and cites of cell injury; chemical messengers are know as?

Chemotaxis/Chemotaxins

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The study of the reactions(immune response) of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body is known as?

Immunology

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Serum plasma protein that coats bacteria; increase susceptibility to ingestion by phagocytosis

Opsonins

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Factor in serum(plasma protein) that are formed in a response to a foreign substance exposure; Ig’s

Antibodies; Ab

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Absolute protection against particular diseases associated with species characteristics

Nonsusceptibility

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Ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions

Natural Immunity

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Condition of being resistant to infection

Immunity

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Study of the noncellular portion of the blood known as serum

Serology

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Engulfment of cells or particulate matter by leukocytes, macrophages and other cells; cellular immunity

Phagocytosis

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A foreign substance that induces such an immune response

Antigen; Ag

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Induced by exposure to an infectious agent; usually as a result of natural infection or vaccination; i.e. exposure

Active Immunity

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Injection of antibodies derived from another individual; antibodies acquired in utero i.e. breastmilk, IVIg

Passive Immunity

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Produced by the transfer of Ag sensitive(primed or immunocompetent) lymphocytes from a actively immunized donor to a nonimmune recipient(immuno-incompetent); transfer of cells/lymphocytes;

Adoptive Immunity

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What are 4 opsonins?

C-Reactive Protein
Complement Components
Antibodies
MBP- mannose binding protein

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Cytokines that are produced primarily by lymphocytes; stimulated T-cells that regulate functions of other cells and tissues; end product of T-cell, Ag recognition

Lymphokines

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Extends periods of Ag exposure; when combines with an Ag they enhance the antibody response to that Ag ie. metals in HepB vaccine

Adjuvant

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Situation in which under certain conditions a foreign Ag fails to elicit the formation of Ab in the recipient; specific suppression of the immune system toward a particular Ag

Immune tolerance

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Where are B-lymphocytes made?

bone marrow; humoral immunity

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Where are T-lymphocytes made?

thymus; cellular immunity

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Name 2 types of T-cells

T-helper/effectors

T-regulatory/cytotoxic(CD8)

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What cells differentiate into plasma cells and what do they secrete?

B-cells; Ab

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Describe primary immune response, which Ig is produced.

IgM; after primary encounter of foreign Ag; 1st time body has been exposed

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Describe secondary(anamnestic) response, which Ig does it produce?

IgG; 1-2 weeks after first exposure; faster response; higher for longer

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Explain role of memory cells

rapidly activated upon secondary exposure; provide long lived protection to the individual against disease caused by the Ag

Acquired agammaglobulimia

immunodeficiency disease where decrease in IgG results in greater susceptibility to infection

What happens in mulitple myeloma, what Ig is overproduced?

plasma tumor cells in the bone marrow that over produce Ig, mostly IgG; immunoclonial gammapathy

What fragment directs biological activity?

constant region Fc

What fragment possesses antigen binding ability?

Fab-variable region

Ig light chain can occur as____, but never both?

kappa or lambda

Determinant site; molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by Ab or T-cells.

Epitope

What molecular weight must an antigen have to be recognized?

10,000 daltons or more

List the proper sequence in the classical pathway.

C1,q,r,s-C4-C2-C3-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9 | calicum at C1, Mg to cleave C4,C2

What is meant by the properdin pathway?

alternat pathway; thought to be started by properdin

Cytolytic complement?

Complement that accelerates lysis?

Functions and characteristics of IgG

Pass placenta;fix complements; accounts for 75% of Ig; opsinization, neutralization of toxin and virus; first response in Secondary response

Functions and characteristics of IgM

5 basic structural units; First Ig in primary response; fixes complement; response to gram-negative bacteria; first Ig formed in newborns; op&aggl

Capable of binding on mast cells&basophils; low serum concentration; respiratory and GI tract; synonym is reagin; defense in parasitic infections and allergic reactions; RAST

IgE

Main Ig in body secretions; secretory component; confers immunity from mom to newborn

IgA

IgD

little is known; role in activation of B-cell

Two Ig's that can fix complements

IgG and IgM

Which complement components are bypassed in alternate pathway

C1,4,2(interaction) replaced with factor B,D and properdin

What is the third complement pathway?

Lectin pathway; Ab-independent; mannose binding lectin

Which element hols together the C1 complement?

Calcium

Which element is required for C2 complement interaction?

Magnesium

Which complement component is the most abundant?

Early defenders against pathogens, null cells, large granulocytes with the ability to mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure to them

NK-natural killer cells

How many Fc fragments are needed to activate complement?

Name two ways to inactivate complement in a serum sample

heat to 56 degress C | age for a few weeks

These exist in unrelated plants and animals and are identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one with cross react with antibody of the other.

Heterophile Antigens

Ag's found in nucleated cells that play a key role in the immune response.

HLA-human leukocyte antigen

What is the system of genes that control the expression of HLA?

MHC- major histocompatibility complex

Involves IgM overproduction, non-Hodgkins lymphoma; effect B-cell

Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia

Substances that are antgenic only when coupled to a protein carrier, ie. poison ivy

Haptens

Cowpox provided immunity to small pox; Demonstrated cross-immunity

Jenner's discovery

Metchkinoff is known for first describing what process in the immune response?

Phagocytosis-cellular immunity

Demonstrated that aged cultures lose virulence but retain the capacity to induce immunity-accentuated vaccine

Pastuer

Name five ways the body has and uses its natural immunity.

Internal: Inflammation, Acute phase reactants, Phagocytosis External: Skin, Lysosome, lactic acid, cilia, HCL in stomach, normal flora in gut

Attacks the bacterial cell wall, especially gram positives, thus playing an important role in external defense; in many secretions; tears, saliva

Lysosome

Structure formed by the fusion of engulfed material and enzymatic granules within the phagocytic cell.

Phagolysosome

WBC capable of further differentiation in tissue

Monocyte

WBC is the primary agent in defense of the body against parasitic infections

Eosinophils

WBC is the primary agent against bacterial infection

Neutrophils

WBC is the primary agent against viral infections

Lymphocytes

What competes with pathogens for nutrients in the defense mechanism of the body?

Normal Flora

What is the equivalent in humans as the bursa of Fabricius in birds?

Bone marrow

Sheep red blood cells demonstrate rosetting due to which T cell receptors?

CD2

A non-specific indicator of inflammation that is known to appear BEFORE antibodies

C-reactive protein

Which class of cells does the EB virus selectively invade?

B-cells

CD4 antigen is found on which T-cell?

helper T-cells