Immunohematology Exam 1 Flashcards
Any procedure of injecting immunogenic material into the body in order to induce immunity is known as?
Vaccination
Movement toward a stimulus, particularly the movement displayed by phagocytic cells towards bacteria and cites of cell injury; chemical messengers are know as?
Chemotaxis/Chemotaxins
The study of the reactions(immune response) of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body is known as?
Immunology
Serum plasma protein that coats bacteria; increase susceptibility to ingestion by phagocytosis
Opsonins
Factor in serum(plasma protein) that are formed in a response to a foreign substance exposure; Ig’s
Antibodies; Ab
Absolute protection against particular diseases associated with species characteristics
Nonsusceptibility
Ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body functions
Natural Immunity
Condition of being resistant to infection
Immunity
Study of the noncellular portion of the blood known as serum
Serology
Engulfment of cells or particulate matter by leukocytes, macrophages and other cells; cellular immunity
Phagocytosis
A foreign substance that induces such an immune response
Antigen; Ag
Induced by exposure to an infectious agent; usually as a result of natural infection or vaccination; i.e. exposure
Active Immunity
Injection of antibodies derived from another individual; antibodies acquired in utero i.e. breastmilk, IVIg
Passive Immunity
Produced by the transfer of Ag sensitive(primed or immunocompetent) lymphocytes from a actively immunized donor to a nonimmune recipient(immuno-incompetent); transfer of cells/lymphocytes;
Adoptive Immunity
What are 4 opsonins?
C-Reactive Protein
Complement Components
Antibodies
MBP- mannose binding protein
Cytokines that are produced primarily by lymphocytes; stimulated T-cells that regulate functions of other cells and tissues; end product of T-cell, Ag recognition
Lymphokines
Extends periods of Ag exposure; when combines with an Ag they enhance the antibody response to that Ag ie. metals in HepB vaccine
Adjuvant
Situation in which under certain conditions a foreign Ag fails to elicit the formation of Ab in the recipient; specific suppression of the immune system toward a particular Ag
Immune tolerance
Where are B-lymphocytes made?
bone marrow; humoral immunity
Where are T-lymphocytes made?
thymus; cellular immunity
Name 2 types of T-cells
T-helper/effectors
T-regulatory/cytotoxic(CD8)
What cells differentiate into plasma cells and what do they secrete?
B-cells; Ab
Describe primary immune response, which Ig is produced.
IgM; after primary encounter of foreign Ag; 1st time body has been exposed
Describe secondary(anamnestic) response, which Ig does it produce?
IgG; 1-2 weeks after first exposure; faster response; higher for longer
Explain role of memory cells
rapidly activated upon secondary exposure; provide long lived protection to the individual against disease caused by the Ag
Acquired agammaglobulimia
immunodeficiency disease where decrease in IgG results in greater susceptibility to infection
What happens in mulitple myeloma, what Ig is overproduced?
plasma tumor cells in the bone marrow that over produce Ig, mostly IgG; immunoclonial gammapathy
What fragment directs biological activity?
constant region Fc
What fragment possesses antigen binding ability?
Fab-variable region
Ig light chain can occur as____, but never both?
kappa or lambda
Determinant site; molecular shapes or configurations that are recognized by Ab or T-cells.
Epitope
What molecular weight must an antigen have to be recognized?
10,000 daltons or more
List the proper sequence in the classical pathway.
C1,q,r,s-C4-C2-C3-C5-C6-C7-C8-C9
calicum at C1, Mg to cleave C4,C2
What is meant by the properdin pathway?
alternat pathway; thought to be started by properdin
Cytolytic complement?
C8
Complement that accelerates lysis?
C9
Functions and characteristics of IgG
Pass placenta;fix complements; accounts for 75% of Ig; opsinization, neutralization of toxin and virus; first response in Secondary response
Functions and characteristics of IgM
5 basic structural units; First Ig in primary response; fixes complement; response to gram-negative bacteria; first Ig formed in newborns; op&aggl
Capable of binding on mast cells&basophils; low serum concentration; respiratory and GI tract; synonym is reagin; defense in parasitic infections and allergic reactions; RAST
IgE
Main Ig in body secretions; secretory component; confers immunity from mom to newborn
IgA
IgD
little is known; role in activation of B-cell
Two Ig’s that can fix complements
IgG and IgM
Which complement components are bypassed in alternate pathway
C1,4,2(interaction) replaced with factor B,D and properdin
What is the third complement pathway?
Lectin pathway; Ab-independent; mannose binding lectin
Which element hols together the C1 complement?
Calcium
Which element is required for C2 complement interaction?
Magnesium
Which complement component is the most abundant?
C3
Early defenders against pathogens, null cells, large granulocytes with the ability to mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure to them
NK-natural killer cells
How many Fc fragments are needed to activate complement?
2
Name two ways to inactivate complement in a serum sample
heat to 56 degress C
age for a few weeks
These exist in unrelated plants and animals and are identical or closely related in structure so that antibody to one with cross react with antibody of the other.
Heterophile Antigens
Ag’s found in nucleated cells that play a key role in the immune response.
HLA-human leukocyte antigen
What is the system of genes that control the expression of HLA?
MHC- major histocompatibility complex
Involves IgM overproduction, non-Hodgkins lymphoma; effect B-cell
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
Substances that are antgenic only when coupled to a protein carrier, ie. poison ivy
Haptens
Cowpox provided immunity to small pox; Demonstrated cross-immunity
Jenner’s discovery
Metchkinoff is known for first describing what process in the immune response?
Phagocytosis-cellular immunity
Demonstrated that aged cultures lose virulence but retain the capacity to induce immunity-accentuated vaccine
Pastuer
Name five ways the body has and uses its natural immunity.
Internal: Inflammation, Acute phase reactants, Phagocytosis
External: Skin, Lysosome, lactic acid, cilia, HCL in stomach, normal flora in gut
Attacks the bacterial cell wall, especially gram positives, thus playing an important role in external defense; in many secretions; tears, saliva
Lysosome
Structure formed by the fusion of engulfed material and enzymatic granules within the phagocytic cell.
Phagolysosome
WBC capable of further differentiation in tissue
Monocyte
WBC is the primary agent in defense of the body against parasitic infections
Eosinophils
WBC is the primary agent against bacterial infection
Neutrophils
WBC is the primary agent against viral infections
Lymphocytes
What competes with pathogens for nutrients in the defense mechanism of the body?
Normal Flora
What is the equivalent in humans as the bursa of Fabricius in birds?
Bone marrow
Sheep red blood cells demonstrate rosetting due to which T cell receptors?
CD2
A non-specific indicator of inflammation that is known to appear BEFORE antibodies
C-reactive protein
Which class of cells does the EB virus selectively invade?
B-cells
CD4 antigen is found on which T-cell?
helper T-cells
