mktg 465 final 03

Question 1

which notion of causality is deterministic?

Answer 1

the classic notion

Question 2

which notion of causality can infer that X is the cause of Y based on observed data acquired in a controlled situation?

Answer 2

scientific notion

Question 3

which notion of causality is probabilistic?

Answer 3

scientific notion

Question 4

what notion of causality can infer that X is the cause of Y?

Answer 4

classic notion

Question 5

what 3 things do you need to infer that X is the cause of Y?

Answer 5

order of occurrence, concomitant variation, elimination of alternative explanations

Question 6

the occurrence of X precedes or occurs simultaneously with the occurrence of Y

Answer 6

order of occurrence

Question 7

the extent to which X and Y occur together or vary together in a way predicted by the hypothesis

Answer 7

concomitant variation (there is a correlation or pattern)

Question 8

the effect on Y cannot be explained in terms of some third variable other than X

Answer 8

elimination of alternative explanations

Question 9

an intermediate process and/or state that helps explain a link between an independent and dependent variable

Answer 9

intervening variable

Question 10

what is an example of an intervening variable?

Answer 10

flow of electricity starts

Question 11

a variable which varies as a consequence of changes in the values of its assumed cause

Answer 11

dependent variable

Question 12

what is an example of a dependent variable?

Answer 12

lights turn off

Question 13

one which when varied is assumed to be the cause of the change in another variable

Answer 13

independent variable

Question 14

what is an example of an independent variable?

Answer 14

flipping a light switch

Question 15

variable which, when systemically varied, influences the strength of the relationship between two other variables

Answer 15

moderating variable

Question 16

what is an example of a moderating variable?

Answer 16

sometimes the light is brighter or dimmer depending on how it’s set

Question 17

the extent that the relationship observed between the dependent and independent variables during the experiment is generalizable to the population of interest

Answer 17

external validity (ability to run an experiment and relate it to others)

Question 18

the ability to attribute the effect that was observed to the experimental variable and not to other factors

Answer 18

internal validity

Question 19

the threat that subjects will not form equivalent groups (extraneous variation)

Answer 19

selection bias

Question 20

an event unrelated to the treatment that occurs during the experiment and influences the dependent variable (extraneous variable)

Answer 20

history

Question 21

when some respondents do not continue throughout the experiment (extraneous variable)

Answer 21

mortality

Question 22

the threat that some biological, psychological, or emotional process within the subjects and separate from the treatment will change over time (extraneous variable)

Answer 22

maturation

Question 23

what is an interesting thing about maturation?

Answer 23

can occur immediately

Question 24

changes in measuring instruments that might explain differences in measurement (extraneous variable)

Answer 24

instrumentation

Question 25

the process of experimentation produces its own effect on the responses observed (extraneous variable)

Answer 25

testing effect

Question 26

effect of a prior observation on a later observation (which testing effect is this?)

Answer 26

main testing effect

Question 27

effect of a prior observation on the response to the experimental variable (which testing effect is this?)

Answer 27

interactive testing effect

Question 28

EG

Answer 28

experimental/treatment group n

Question 29

CG

Answer 29

control group

Question 30

X

Answer 30

exposure to experimental treatment

Question 31

O

Answer 31

observation/communication n

Question 32

R

Answer 32

randomization

Question 33

the creation of equivalent groups by the random assignment of respondents to different experimental treatment conditions

Answer 33

randomization