Mitral Stenosis

Question 1

Causes - post infl ? - history of ? ? in >50%

Pathology

• LA unable to empty, leading to ? ?
• LA becomes dilated and ?
• ? ? leads to RHF (? ?)
• ?? commonly develops due to muscular hypertrophy

Answer 1

scarring
rheumatic fever
pulm HTN
hypertrophied
PHTN
cor pulmonale
AF

Question 2

Sx

• pulmHTN -> dyspnoea and ?
• RHF -> ?, weakness and ?/lower limb oedema
• secondary AF -> ?

Answer 2

haemoptysis
fatigue
abdo
palpitations

Question 3

Signs
? flush - dusky discolouration in ? distribution due to vascular ? and CO2 ? effects
? vol regular pulse or ??
jugular vein ? (RHF)
left parasternal ?, due to ?? hypertrophy
auscultation - ? mid-? murmur loudest at ?, just prior to ?
also loud ? heart sound and opening ‘?’

Answer 3

malar
malar
stasis
vasodilatory
small
irreg irreg
distension
heave
RV
rumbling
diastolic
apex
systole
first
snap

Question 4

Treatment
Treat ? appropriately - ? control and anticoag
? - reduce pre-load and ? venous congestion
surgical mx if these fail
-balloon ? if valve pliable/non-?
-open ? otherwise

Answer 4

AF
rate
diuretics
pulmonary
valvuloplasty
calcified
valvotomy