Heart Failure - Background

Question 1

common causes

• what is most common? (35-40%)
• ? cardiomyopathy (30%)
• ? (20%)

Answer 1

IHD
dilated
HTN

Question 2

Rarer causes

Other cardiomyopathies, ? disease, ? heart disease, PHTN -> ?, alcohol/drugs, ?/heart ? or anaemia

Answer 2

valve
congenital
cor pulmonale
AF
block

Question 3

Certain processes of ? adaptation in HF

• reduced output leads to ? and ? activation
• ? activation leads to vasoconstriction (increasing ?) and ?/water retention (increasing ?) -> incr blood ? and cardiac workload
• this is a ? process, creating ? cycle

Answer 3

neurohormonal 
SNS
RAAS
RAAS
afterload
na
preload
pressure
maladaptive

Question 4

in chronic HF, there is ? of myocytes to the ? and the ? enlarge - (however contract ? efficiently)

Answer 4

desensitization
SNS
ventricles
less