ECG 9 - Arrhythmias 3

Question 1

VF

• no ? and ECG totally disorganized
• patient usually will have ? ? ?
• manage as per ? ? protocol

Answer 1

qrs
LOC
cardiac arrest

Question 2

AF

• ? baseline with no ? waves
• ? is bombarded and will thus depol irregularly, leading to vent ? at an irregular ?
• usually 450-? atrial contractions per min
• normal ? as conduction from AVN is not abnormal

Answer 2

irregular
p
AVN
contraction
rate
600
qrs

Question 3

AF

• can be ?, or present with ?, palpitations, ?, ? pain or stroke/?
• if no ecg abnorms seen, ?h ? ecg monitoring or an ? recorder can be used to detect ? AF

Answer 3

aSx
dyspnoea
syncope
chest
TIA
24
ambulatory
event
paroxysmal

Question 4

AF Mx

• if presx ? with haemodynamic instability, do emergency ? without delaying for ?
• if hemodynamically stable, mx involves ? control, or ? control as well as ?
• ? control is generally first line

Answer 4

Sxatic
cardioversion
anticoag
rate
rhythm
anticoag
rate

Question 5

AF Mx
Rate control
-a bb (?) or ? (verapamil/diltiazem) are the agents used - what is CI in HF?
-the therapeutic target is ?-? bpm at rest
-if Sx not controlled with one drug - ? can be used - BB and ?

Answer 5

bisoprolol
RLCCB
RLCCB
60-80
combo
digoxin

Question 6

AF Mx
Rhythm control (?)
-may be indicated in ? patients with ? onset AF (

Answer 6

cardioversion
young
new
48
reversible
HF
electrical
flecanide, amiodarone

Question 7

AF Mx - Anticoag

• ? at initial presx, then assess need for long term anticoag using the ? score to assess ? risk
• anticoag considered in men with score of ? and anyone with score of ?
• the ? score can be used to assess the risk of a major ?
• target INR = ?-?
• either use ? or a ? - according to patient pref
• if anticoag CI - offer ? and ? - one ? agent is not enough

Answer 7

heparin
cha2ds2vasc
stroke
1
2
has bled
bleed
2-3
warfarin
NOAC
aspirin
clopidogrel
anti-platelet

Question 8

AF- underlying causes

• cardiac - ?, ? heart disease, ? failure, and ? heart disease
• resp - ? infections, pulmonary ?, and lung ?
• systemic - XS ? intake, ?, ? depletion, infections, and ??

Answer 8

HTN
valvular
heart
ischaemic

chest
embolism
ca

alcohol
thyrotoxicosis
E-
DM

Question 9

Atrial Flutter
if atrial rate is above ?/min and no flat ? between p waves exists, atrial flutter is present
–normally 300-? contractions /min
–classic ? ? baseline
-normal coordination of the ? are lost, but some element of ? still exists
-generally trtd as per ??

Answer 9

250
baseline
450
saw toothed
atria
synchronicity
AF