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BIO 1010 > mitosis quiz > Flashcards

mitosis quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis

A

cloning, copying, and division

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2
Q

mitosis

A

the process of cell division where a cell attempts to make an exact copy of itself -> reproduction and regeneration

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3
Q

A cell is always somewhere in the process of dividing. True or False?

A

False -> not constant, either doing their job or simply existing

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4
Q

In terms of DNA, what is the difference between G1 and G2?

A

G2 has twice as much DNA as G1

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5
Q

What happens to a cells chromosomes during prophase?

A

They condense

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6
Q

What happens to a cells centrosomes during prophase?

A

migrate to 2 poles

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7
Q

what happens during metaphase of mitosis?

A

they line up in a plane/single-file/role call for chromosomes

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8
Q

What do we call a place in the cell cycle where division pauses until certain criteria are met?

A

checkpoints

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9
Q

What criteria must be met before a cell can pass the G1 checkpoint?

A

Signal to divide, cell must be large enough, DNA must be undamaged, sufficient nutrition

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10
Q

What is the longest phase of mitosis? Why is this?

A

Metaphase, it includes a checkpoint within its process, must wait until everything is present and where it is supposed to be

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11
Q

What do cancer cells lack?

A

Social control, checkpoint control, apoptosis

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12
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Cloning, Copying, and Division, Reproduction, Regeneration

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13
Q

Some cell cycle diagrams suggest that cells are always in the process of dividing. Are most cells that make up a mutli-cellular organism (like you and me) always dividing? why or why not?

A

No - ASK CAHOON SPECIFICS

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14
Q

What is a cell doing during G1 of interphase?

A

Existing, growing in size, preparing

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15
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The material which chromosomes are composed of, consists of protein, RNA, DNA

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16
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

A micro-tubular organizing centre.

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17
Q

Why would a cell move from G1 to S phase? What must have occured?

A

ASK CAHOON - Signaling?

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18
Q

What is happening during S phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA replication/synthesis, centrosome synthesis

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19
Q

What is the chromosome # and DNA amount of our cell once it is in G2 of interphase? G1 had 10 chromo and 1x DNA amount

A
  • ASK CAHOON, 20 chromo, 2x DNA amount
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20
Q

Sketch the appearance of chromosomes and centrosomes in prophase. What is the chromosome content and DNA amount in the cell?

A

SKETCH ON WHITEBOARD/IPAD - ASK CAHOON, 92?

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21
Q

Describe what is happening during prophase

A

Chromatin condenses to form x-shaped “metaphase” chromosomes, nuclear membrane dissolves, centrosomes migrate to 2 poles of the cell

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22
Q

Sketch the appearance of chromosomes and centrosome in metaphase. Include the three types of microtubules covered in class. What is the chromosome content and DNA amount in the cell?

A

SKETCH ON IPAD/WHITEBOARD/ Astral (membrane) , Polar (between the two) , and Kinetochore (chromosome)

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23
Q

Describe what is happening during metaphase.

A

largest phase of mitosis, centrosomes align all chromosomes along a central plane; role call for chromosomes, all must be present before mitosis can proced

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24
Q

Sketch the appearance of chromosomes and centrosomes in anaphase

A

SKETCH ON IPAD/WHITEBOARD

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25
Q

Describe what is happening in anaphase

A

The sister chromatids are separated when the kinetochore microtubules shorten and the polar microtubules lengthen; the sister chromatids (each is a full chromosome) are separate from one another; kinetochore microtubules shorten; polar -> push against one another & lengthen; astral -> shorten. Complete set of chromosomes are pulled to each pole.

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26
Q

Sketch the appearance of chromosomes and centrosomes in telophase

A

SKETCH ON WHITEBOARD/IPAD

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27
Q

Describe what is happening during telophase

A

Chromosomal migration is complete; The nuclear membranes from the chromosomes de-condense

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28
Q

Describe what is happening during cytokinesis

A

Microtubules form a ring around the plasma membrane and pinch apart into 2 separate cells

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29
Q

What is the chromosome content and DNA amount in each new cell? 2 new cells.

A
  • ASK CAHOON, back to the start? 46? 1x?
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30
Q

Where are the cells chromosomes during interphase stage G1

A
  • ASK CAHOON, nothing right?
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31
Q

What is the difference between a G1 and G2 interphase chromosome? Draw and describe each.

A

G1 is non replicated, G2 is replicated, 2 sister chromatids, doubled, G2 also has 2 centrosomes

32
Q

What is the difference between a G2 interphase and metaphase chromosome? Draw and describe each.

A
  • ASK CAHOON
33
Q

Label each diagram below with the terms chromosome and chromatid, everywhere these terms are appropriate. - ASK CAHOON FOR CLARIFICATION.

A
  • ASK CAHOON
34
Q

What do we call a place in the cell cycle where division pauses until certain criteria are met?

A

Checkpoints

35
Q

Where are the three cell cycle checkpoints we covered in this class?

A

G1/S, G2/Prophase, Metaphase

36
Q

What criteria must be met for a cell to pass each checkpoint?

A

Signal to divide/permission, cell must be large enough/size, DNA must be undamaged, sufficient nutrition as well.

37
Q

In terms of checkpoints, what do cancer cells lack?

A

social control, checkpoint control, apoptosis. they “bypass’ checkpoints in a sense.

38
Q

What is apoptosis and how does it relate to cancer cells?

A

Apoptosis is the process by which cells “self-destruct”, or commit suicide for the betterment of the process. How this relates to cancer cells is that cancer cells do not undergo apoptosis, and will continue through mitosis regardless if they meet the criteria.

39
Q

Describe the key structural differences between a G1 interphase chromosome, a G2 interphase chromosome, and a metaphase chromosome.

A
  • ASK CAHOON; G1 single, G2 sister, metaphase - the same? ASK CAHOON.
40
Q

Name the stage of interphase represented by each of the diagrams below. (refer to 2021 quiz)

A

left : G1, right : G2 (one with fully copied centrosomes

41
Q

List the three cell checkpoints discussed in class and include at least two criteria for each one that must be met before the cell can continue to divide

A

Sufficient nutrition, the cell must be large enough and DNA undamaged

42
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle would this event occur? Dyad chromosomes align along a single plane

A

Metaphase

43
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle would this event occur? DNA is replicated

A

G2/Interphase

44
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle would this event occur? Dyad chromosome condense

A

Prophase

45
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle would this event occur? Chromosomes exist as fully replicated strands of uncondensed DNA. The replicated copies are held together by a centromere.

A

G2

46
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle would this event occur? Dyads pull apart into individual chromosomes

A

Telophase/Cyto - ASK CAHOON

47
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle would this event occur? Chromosomes exist as unreplicated strands of uncondensed DNA

A

Cyto/G1 - ASK CAHOON

48
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle would this event occur? The cell is existing

A

G1

49
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle would this event occur? Centrosomes are replicated

A

S/G2 - ASK CAHOON

50
Q

Explain the difference between an interphase and metaphase chromosome.`

A
  • ASK CAHOON, GET A GOOD ANSWER
51
Q

List the three checkpoints covered in class and list two criteria that must be met for a dividing cell to pass that checkpoint

A

G1/S G2/Prophase Metaphase; Sufficient Nutrition, Large enough/size; Signaled to divide

52
Q

If a cell cannot pass through a checkpoint, what are its options?

A

Apoptosis - ASK CAHOON - what does it do to try and complete DNA replication?

53
Q

Name one stage of the cell cycle you would expect to find each of the following structures. An unreplicated chromosome

A

G1 - ASK CAHOON

54
Q

Name one stage of the cell cycle you would expect to find each of the following structures. A fully replicated chromosome and uncondensed dyad chromosome

A

G2 - ASK CAHOON

55
Q

Name one stage of the cell cycle you would expect to find each of the following structures. A fully replicated and condensed dyad chromosome

A

Prophase

56
Q

Name one stage of the cell cycle you would expect to find each of the following structures. Chromatin

A

Prophase

57
Q

Name one stage of the cell cycle you would expect to find each of the following structures. A chromosome undergoing the process of replication

A

S/G2 - ASK CAHOON

58
Q

Name one stage of the cell cycle you would expect to find each of the following structures. Two chromosomes that used to be sister chromatids being pulled to opposite poles of the cell

A

Anaphase

59
Q

Name one stage of the cell cycle you would expect to find each of the following structures. Homologous pairs of chromosomes

A

Telophase

60
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

Growth, Replacement, Division, Copying, Cloning, Regeneration

61
Q

What defines telophase of mitosis?

A

Chromosomal migration ends

62
Q

What defines anaphase of mitosis?

A

Copied chromosomes separate from one another

63
Q

What defines cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm is separated into two cells

64
Q

What defines metaphase of mitosis?

A

Dyads align along a single plane

65
Q

What defines prophase of mitosis?

A

Chromatin condenses into dyads

66
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

67
Q

How many centrosomes are present in the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

It is difficult to say because the centrosomes are being replicated in S phase - ASK CAHOON ABOUT THIS, ISN’T IT 2?

68
Q

Which is NOT a cell cycle checkpoint?

A

Telophase

69
Q

What is a dyad in relation to a chromosome?

A

A dyad is also called a metaphase chromosome, which is two identical chromosomes held together at the centromere - ASK CAHOON, IS DYAD THE SAME AS DIPLOID?

70
Q

Which is NOT a G1 checkpoint criteria that must be met before a cell will begin the process of dividing?

A

The cell’s centrosome must have been faithfully replicated - ASK CAHOON, HOW IS THE CELL ABLE TO CONTINUE IF THE CENTROSOMES ARENT ENTIRELY REPLICATED

71
Q

In the cell cycle, what has doubled between the G1 and G2 phases of interphase?

A

DNA

72
Q

What is a cell doing during G1 of interphase

A

Existing

73
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The central part of a chromosome where the two chromatids are held to one another

74
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

The microtuble organizing center

75
Q

A chromatid is a chromosome connected to a copy of itself. True or false?

A

True

76
Q

KAP

A

Microtubulus, Kinetochore, Astral, Polar

77
Q

I PMAT C

A

Stages of Mitosis/Cell Cycle - Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

BIO 1010 (11 decks)

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