Ch. 3 Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Polymers are materials made of long, repeating chains of molecules

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2
Q

How many different amino acids are found in living things?

A

20

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3
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A long chain consisting of amino acids; two or more amino acids linked together through Carboxyl group and amine group

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4
Q

Regarding diet, what are essential amino acids?

A

His; Iso; Lea; Lys; Met; Phe; Thr; Trp; Val; Cys

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5
Q

What is a peptide bond

A

A covalent bond that holds these amino acids together

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6
Q

The amino acid chain that contains _____ hydrophobic characters will be more soluble, the amino acid chain that contains _____ hydrophobic characters will be less soluble

A

Less, more

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7
Q

What is primary protein structure?

A

The string of amino acids making the polypeptide

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8
Q

What is secondary protein structure?

A

The structure containing regions of amino acid chains stabilized by hydrogen bonds from polypeptide backbone

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9
Q

What are two distinctive shapes/motifs defined as secondary structure?

A

Alpha helix, beta sheet

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10
Q

What is tertiary protein structure

A

A fully folded protein making a distinguished shape

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11
Q

What chemical bonds and or interactions maintain the three dimensional structure of a folded protein?

A

Hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, hydrophobic interactions

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12
Q

What is quaternary protein structure?

A

Independently made proteins linked together into functional complex

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13
Q

What does it mean to denature a protein?

A

When protein tertiary is unfolded and modified into its primary or secondary structure

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14
Q

Why does egg white transform from clear to…

A

Desaturation and the uncoiling/changing of its structure

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15
Q

What are the three categories of lipids

A

Fats, phospholipids, steroids

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16
Q

What do lipid biochemical compounds all have in common?

A

Non polar hydrophobic

17
Q

What is the primary role of fats in living things?

A

Important depot for energy storage; important roles in regulating and signaling

18
Q

Fats are categorized by _________

A

Double bonds

19
Q

How much energy is stored in 1 gram of tri versus 1 gram of carbs

A

Almost double, because of its structure and tri containing 3 fatty acids and glycerol

20
Q

Saturated fat

A

No double bonds; highest melting temp; coconut oil

21
Q

Monounsatured fat

A

One double bond across chains; olive oil, omega 3

22
Q

Polyunsaturated fat

A

2 double bonds across chains; leafy greens

23
Q

What must have been changed in the vegetable oil to produce margarine?

A

The removal of double bonds from fatty acid chains

24
Q

What is trans fat in terms of its manufacture and biochemical structure?

A

Unsaturated fats with the addition of hydrogen

25
Q

Describe an omega3 fat in terms of its biochemical structure

A

One double bond between two carbons in the hydrocarbon

26
Q

What is a steroid?

A

Hormones that occur naturally in the body, hydrophobic

27
Q

How does a phospholipid differ from a fat?

A

Phosphate group attached to glycerol backbone; Fat - glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids

28
Q

Hydrophobic _____; Hydrophilic ______

A

Tail, head

29
Q

What structures do phospholipids form when placed in water?

A

Lipid belayer, micelles

30
Q

Why do phospholipids form those structures when placed in water?

A

Due to their a pathetic nature, their tails are exposed to the water and their heads form the membrane; the heads interact with the water while the tails interact with one another

31
Q

What structures would phospholipids form when placed in oil

A

Vesicles

32
Q

What is the relation between a phospholipid and a biological membrane

A

Transportation

33
Q

What is the relationship between a phospholipid, a phospholipid bilayer, and a vesicle?

A

Phospholipids are arranged into a phospholipid bilayer which make up the basic fabric of the plasma membrane, vesicles are a formation of this membrane.