b1010 Flashcards
Which is Correct?
A. Protons + Electrons neutral Neutrons -
B. Protons + Electrons - Neutrons neutral
C. Protons - Electrons + Neutrons neutral
D. Protons neutral Electrons + Neutrons -
B.
What makes each element distinctive? Why is Oxygen different from Carbon?
A. They have different numbers of electrons
B. They have different numbers of protons
C. They have different numbers of neutrons
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
D.
If an atom has an equal number of electrons and protons, what is the overall charge of the atom?
A. negative
B. positive
C. neutral
D. None of the above
C.
- What is a valence shell?
A. The innermost electron shell of an atom
B. The outermost electron shell of an atom
C. The neutral shell of an atom
D. The proton shell
B.
How many orbitals are in this oxygen atom?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
Count, the total # of orbitals, D.5
How many potential bonds can Oxygen form?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Potential bonds are unbonded single electrons on the outermost shell, B.2
What is the valence of an Oxygen atom?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Count unpaired electrons on outerrmost
B.
Carbon has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and a valence of 4. Which diagram correctly represents carbon?
B. simply count the number of electrons, then count the number of valence.
What is a covalent bond?
A. A covalent bond forms when two atoms share a proton
B. A covalent bond forms when two atoms share a neutron
C. A covalent bond forms when two or more atoms share their unpaired valence electrons
D. All of the above are correct
C.
What charges are associated with a water molecule?
A. no charge
B. Positive
C. Negative
D. Partial Positive and Negative
D.
>>=
O;N;C;H
Which molecule would have partial charges due to differing electronegativities
A. CO2, determine if there is a electronegativity difference between the elements of the molecule, will tell you if there are partial charges.
Oxygen is partially _______ charged and the hydrogen atoms are partially __________
negatively;positively
Why do water molecules “stick” to each other?
A. Cohesion is the attraction between different molecules and adhesion is the attraction between like
molecules
B. Both cohesion and adhesion describe the attraction between like molecules
C. Adhesion is the attraction between different molecules and cohesion is the attraction between like
molecules
D. Both cohesion and adhesion describe the attraction between different molecules
C.
What property of water makes it a good solvent?
A Its ability to form covalent bonds with other molecules B Its ability to form ionic bonds with other molecules
C Its ability to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules
D hydrophobic interactions
C.
Why isn’t oil soluble in water?
A. Because water molecules form hydrogen bonds with oil
B. Because water molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds with oils
C. Because water molecules can’t break the bonds between fat molecules
D. Because water molecules adhere to fats
B
What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules?
A. Hydrophilic means water-loving and hydrophobic means water-fearing
B. Hydrophilic molecules are polar or ionic hydrophobic molecules have a neutral charge and are non-polar
C. A and B are correct
C
Which is more dense?
A. Water Vapor
B. Liquid Water
C. Solid Water (ice)
B
Why is solid water (ice) less dense than liquid water?
A. Water molecules have a lower molecular weight when participating in hydrogen bonds
B. The water molecules within the ice crystalline matrix are farther (in distance) from one another than in liquid water
C. The surface tension of liquid water holds ice near the surface
D. Ice is hydrophobic so it floats on water like some oils
B
How do we sense pH in our everyday lives?
A. Taste
B. Hygien Products
C. Burning sensation on skin
D. Breakdown of mucous membrane
E. We cannot detect ph without an instrument
A
What determines the pH of a solution?
A. the general hydrogen bonding of water
B. the disorganized hydrogen bonding of liquid water
C. the concentration of protons
D. the concentration of any ion
c
Finish the formula
H2O + H+Cl- -> or <- _ + _
H3O + Cl
What is the difference between a pH of 5 and a pH of 6?
A. 5 is more acidic than 6
B. 5 has ten times more hydrogen ions than 6
C. 5 has ten times more hydronium ions than 6
D. all of the above
D
If you add lemon to your tea, how are you changing the pH?
A. Becomes more acidic
B. Becomes more basic
C. Unchanged
a
What is the role of a pH buffer?
A. De-acidify a solution
B. Resist changes in pH in either direction
C. Create an alkaline environment
D. Create an acidic environment
b
By themselves, carbon compounds are relatively inert. What do we call the groups of atoms which, when attached to a carbon compound give it a different character or reactivity?
A. Hydrocarbon groups
B. Hydrophilic groups
C. Functional groups
D. Foundational groups
c
Which functional group is on this sucrose molecule?
A. Amino
B. Carboxyl
C. Phosphate
D. Hydroxyl
- know functional groups D. Hydroxyl - OH
Which functional group is NOT on this lysine molecule?
A. Amino
B. Carboxyl
C. Phosphate
D. Hydroxl
- know functional groups C. Phosphate
Vitamin C is water soluble, why?
A. Water is unable to associate directly with any part of the molecule
B. Vitamin C lacks hydrophobic carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds
C. Water forms hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl functional groups
C
Based on its functional groups, do you think the vitamin E molecule shown below is water or fat soluble?
A. Water soluble
B. Fat soluble
b
Which atoms make up carbohydrates?
A. Carbon
B. Hydrogen
C. Oxygen
D. All of the above
D
What term best describes this molecule?
A. monosaccharide
B. sucrose
c. starch
d. nucleotide base
A.
What term best describes this molecule?
A. monosacch
B. disacch
C. polysacch
D. glycosidic
B.
Monosaccharides link to make a disaccharide with a…
A. Dissacharide bond
B. Saccharide bond
C. Glycosidic bond
D. Polymeric bond
c
What is maltose?
A. A monosaccharide of malt
B. A monosaccharide of glucose
C.A disaccharide of malt
D. A disaccharide made of two glucose monosaccharides
D
Which term best describes this molecule?
A. Polysaccharide
B. Supersaccharide
C. Polyglycosidic
D. Polystrene
A.
How do starch and cellulose differ?
A. They are made of different monosaccharides
B. They have different glycosidic bonds
C. They are found in different parts of the human body
D. All of the above
B
Nucleic acids are ______ made of _______
Polymers;Nucleotides D
What are the five common nucleotides that make DNA and RNA?
A. Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil, Guanine, and Adenine
B. Thymine, Cysteine, Uracil, Glycine, and Adenine
C. Threonine, Cytosine, Uracil, Guanine, and Advil
D. There are only four nucleotides
A
Why is the nucleotide phosphate called 5’?
A. It follows the 4’ phosphate
B. It is attached to the 5’ carbon
C. It has 5 bonds
D. It is the 5th nucleotide
b
What does every nucleotide have?
A. 3’ hydroxyl
B. 5’ phosphate
C. Base
D. All of the above
d
Which best describes this nucleotide?
A. Proline
B. Pyrimidine
C. Purine
D. Guanine
B.
What do we call the covalent bonds between two nucleotides?
A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Phosphodiester
C. 5’ bond
D. Nucleotide bond
b
How do the ends of a strand of nucleic acid differ?
A. one has a 5’ phosphate and the other a 3’ hydroxyl
B. One has a carboxyl group and the other an amino group
C. They do not differ
D. One is a purine and the other a pyrimidine
a
Which bases pair with each other?
A. Adenine to Thymine
B. Guanine to Cytosine
C. A and B are correct
D. Any base pairing is possible
c
What holds the two strands of a DNA double helix together?
A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Ionic bonds
C. Hydrophobic Interactions
D. All of the above
A
How are the opposing strands oriented?
A. Parallel orientation
B. Anti-parallel orientation
C. 5’ to 3’ orientation
D. 3’ to 5’ orientation
b
How does RNA differ from DNA?
A. Ribonucleotides have no hydroxyl group on the 2’ carbon
B. Ribonucleotides have one extra hydroxyl group on each 2’ carbon
C. Ribonucleotides have one less hydroxyl group on each 3’ carbon
D. Ribonucleotides have one extra hydroxyl group on each 3’ carbon
b
Which is not true about RNA?
A. It is made of 4 different nucleotides
B. It is made of 5 different nucleotides
C. It is single stranded
D. A single strand will fold onto itself to form a secondary structure
b
What is a molecule with repeating subunits?
A. Polypeptide
B. Polymer
C. Lipid
D.Nucleic Acid
B
What does the “R” stand for in this amino acid diagram?
A. Unique functional groups
B. Unique side chains
C. Unique Rhodophyta
D. Unique backbone
b
What distinguishes one amino acid from another. For example, why is histidine different from tryptophan?
A. Each has a different bonding capacity
B. Each has the same backbone
C. Each has a different side chain
D. Each makes a different protein
c
How many different amino acids are found in living things?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 20
D. Nearly infinite combinations
c
How are amino acids grouped?
A. Hydrophilic or hydrophobic
B. Acidic or basic
C. Polar or charged
D. All of the above
d
What do we call two or more amino acids linked together?
A. A polypeptide
B. Amino acids linked together… duh!
C. Multimeric protein
D. Secondary Structure
a
What do we call the covalent bonds that hold amino acids to one another?
A. Condenstation bond
B. Peptide bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Peptic condensation
b
What is the primary protein structure?
A. The folded functional protein
B. Alpha helix and beta sheet
C. The string of amino acids making the polypeptide
D. The first protein fold
c
What are two distinctive shapes/motifs defined as secondary structure?
A. Folded and unfolded protein
B. Alpha helix and beta sheet
C. Denatured and renatured
D. Bi-nucleate and uni-nucleate
b
What is tertiary protein structure?
A. A fully folded protein making a three dimensional structure
B. Three bonds - covalent, ionic and hydrogen
C. The third type of protein folding
D. A protein that is folded but lacks function
a
What chemical bonds and/or interactions maintain the three dimensional structure of a folded protein?
A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Covalent Bonds.
C. Hydrophobic interactions
D. All of the above
d
If several independently made proteins are linked together into a functional complex it is called…
A. Primary structure
B. Secondary Structure
C. Tertiary Structure
D. Quaternary structure
d
Which level of folding is represented in the ribonuclease diagram if the protein is a single polypeptide chain?
A. primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. quaternary
C
What is protein denaturation?
A. When protein tertiary structure is unfolded into its secondary or primary structures
B. When protein is taken out of its natural cellular environment
C. When protein is lost due to malnutrition
D. When protein is overly ionic
E. You know you want to press it
a
What is a lipid?
A. Fats
B. Steroids
C. Phospholipid
D. All of the above
d
What do all lipids have in common?
A. They are all fats and oils
B. They are all hydrophobic
C. They are all hydrophilic
D. They are all made with a glycerol
b
Which term best describes this molecule?
A. Fat
B. Steroid
C. Phospholipid
D. Oil
A - double check with previous study guide
How are fats categorized?
A. By the number of hydrocarbon chains
B. By the type of glycerol
C. By the number of double bonds
D. By its hydrophobicity
c
Which would have the highest melting temperature?
A. Saturated Fats
B. Mono-unsaturated
C. Poly-unsaturated
D. Fat headed jerks
A
Margarine is made from vegetable oil yet is solid at room temperature. How could veg oil be changed to make margarine?
A. By adding double bonds to to the fatty acid chains
B. By removing double bonds from the fatty acid chains
C. By lowering the temperature
D. By raising the temperature
b
Which term best describes this molecule?
A. Fat.
B. Steroid
C. Phospholipid
D. OIl
B - check study guides
Which best describes this molecule?
A. Fat
B. Steroid
C. Phospholipid
D. OIl
C - check study guides
Which end is hydrophobic?
a. the ball
b. the sticks
c. both
d. neither
the sticks (tail) B
what happens to phospholipids when placed in water?
a. they form micelles
b. they form a bilayer
c. both a + b
d. none of the above
c
a phospholipid bilayer may also be called a
a. membrane
b. vesicle
c. liposome
d. cell
a
which can pass through a membrane?
a. ions
b. large molecules
c. small charged molecules
d. water
d
which cannot pass through a phospholipid bilayer?
a. glucose
b. water
c. oxygen
d. small non-polar molecules
a
osmosis is a phenomenon created by…
a. the semi-permeable nature of membranes
b. the ability of membranes to block water
c. the diffusion of solutes across a membrane
d. vesicles
a
what will happen to the solute (NaCl) in the example? (1% nacl on left, 5% on right, semi perm membrane)
a. it will diffuse to the right
b. it will diffuse to the left
c. it will diffuse in both directions
d. it cannot move
d
what will happen to the solvent (water) in the example, 1% nacl, 5% nacl, semiperm membrane
a. it will diffuse to the right
b. it will diffuse to the left
c. it will diffuse in both directions
d. it cannot move
a
membranes block the passage of molecules needed for cell survival, like carbohydrates. How do cells acquire these molecules?
a. diffusion
b. osmosis
c. circulation
d. protein channels
e. no idea
D
how can a protein be both hydrophilic and hydrophobic so it can reside in a membrane?
a. a protein can only be one type so it either fits in the middle of the lipid bilayer or against the outer portion
b. a transmembrane protein will be made of a combination of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids so it can reside in both environments simultaneously
c. it isn’t possible for it to be both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
d. two different proteins, one hydrophobic and one hydrophilic must be produced and linked together
b
what is passive transport?
a. the passage of any molecule across a membrane
b. the passage of charged molecules across a membrane
c. the passage of a molecule across a membrane that DOES NOT require energy expenditure by the cell
d. the passage of a molecule across a membrane that DOES require energy expenditure by the cell
c
passive transport does not include…
a. diffusion of small non-polar molecules like water
b. protein pumps
c. channel proteins
d. carrier proteins
b
what is facilitated diffusion
a. the passage of molecules with their concentration gradient through special protein channels
b. the passage of molecules against their concentration gradient through special protein channels
c. the passage of molecules with their concentration gradient through a membrane
a
a protein channel allows water to move across a membrane?
a. water diffuses across membranes and does not require a protein channel
b. the water moverator
c. aqua-enzyme
d. aquaporin
D
a protein channel…
a. relies on the power of diffusion to move molecules across a membrane
b. is specific to one type of ion or molecule
c. can be opened or close by the cell
d. all of the above
d
a carrier protein…
a. relies on the power of diffusion to move molecules across a membrane
b. is specific to one type of ion or molecule
c. can be ‘opened’ or ‘closed’ by the cell
d. all of the above
d
what is active transport?
a. the passage of any molecule across a membrane
b. the passage of charged molecules across a membrane
c. the passage of a molecule across a membrane that DOES NOT require energy expenditure by the cell
d. the passage of a molecule across a membrane that DOES require energy expenditure by the cell
d
how does a protein pump move solutes across a membrane from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration?
a. it uses a diffusion gradient
b. it expends cellular energy
c. it uses osmotic water pressure
d. all of the above
b
how does coupled transport move solutes across a membrane from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration?
a. it uses a diffusion gradient
b. it expends cellular energy
c. by active diffusion
d. all of the above
A
which is considered bulk transport
a. exocytosis
b. phagocytosis
c. endocytosis
d. all of the above
d
what is the cell theory?
a. all living things are made of cells
b. all cells have a nucleus
c. cells are living entities
d. all of the above
A + all cells come from existing cells
all cells will have
a. nucleic acid
b. a plasma membrane
c. protein
d. all of the above
b
what is the simplest type of cell
a. viral
b. prokaryotic
c. eukaryotic
d. all are equally simple but in different way
b
prokaryotic cells are also known as
a. ameobae
b. protists
c. algae
d. bacteria
d
what is another name for DNA in a prokaryotic cell
a. chromosome
b. nucleoid
c. plasmid
d. all of the above
d
which polypeptide makes a bacterial cell wall
a. cellulose
b. chitin
c. peptidoglycan
d. bacteria dont have cell walls
c
what do ribosomes synthesize?
a. nucleis acid
b. rna
c. protein
d. sugars
c
almost every living thing we can see with the naked eye is made of…
a. prokaryotic cells
b. eukaryotic cells
c. viral cells
d. macromolecular cells
b
eukaryotic cells…
a. have genetic material stored in the nucleus, mitochondria, and/or chloroplasts
b. have membrane bound organells
c. yeast are eukaryotic cells
d. all of the above
D
which is correct?
a. eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic
b. prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic
c. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are the same size
d. prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells cannot be compared
A
what is the advantage of membrane bound organelles
a. chemical reactions can be contained
b. enzymes can be grouped
c. waste removal can be separated from synthesis reactions
d. all of the above
d
what is the nucleus?
a. DNA
b. protein
c. nucleolus
d. all of the above
d
how many membranes surround the nucleus?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
2 / c
what is happening in the nucleolus?
a. dna compaction
b. ribosome synthesis
c. dna replication
d. dna degration
b
how big is the mitochondrion?
a. a little smaller than the nucleus
b. bigger than the nucleus
c. about the size of a prokaryotic cell
d. bigger than a loaf of bread
C
how many different membranes make a mitochondrion?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
2/b
which is not part of a mitochondrion?
a. cristae
b. martrix
c. stroma
d. dna
C
where can we find the endoplasmic reticulum in a eukaryotic cell?
a. next to the mitochondria
b. by the golgi apparatus
c. throughout the cell
d. next to the nucleus
C
what happens in the endoplasmic reticulum?
a. lipid synthesis
b. protein synthesis
c. both a + b
d. none of the above
c
what happens in the golgi apparatus?
a. protein degradation
b. protein modification
c. protein synthesis
d. all of the above
b
what is the role of the lysosome?
a. waste removal
b. enzyme production
c. protein modification
d. carbohydrate synthesis
a
what is the role of the peroxisome?
a. production of hydrogen peroxide
b. the acquisition of atmospheric oxygen
c. converting toxic compounds in the cytoplasm to non-toxic
d. molecular recycling
A
lysosomes and peroxisomes are called vesicles. What does this suggest?
a. they have a single membrane
b. they have a double membrane
c. they lack a membrane
d. they have glycoproteins
A
what type of cell has a vacuole?
a. eukaryotic
b. plant
c. some animal
d. all of the above
d
how many different membranes make up a chloroplast?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
3/c
which is NOT the name of a chloroplast membrane?
a, thylakoid
b. cisternae
c. inner membrane
d. outer membrane
b
what type of molecule makes the plant cell wall?
a. carbohydrate
b. nucleic acid
c. protein
d. lipid
A
how is chemical energy stored?
a. as ions
b. as chemical bonds
c. as a reservoir
d. as static electricity
b
an enzyme is typically a
a. nucleic acid
b. carbohydrate
c. protein
d. lipid
e. all of the above
c
what is the general function of an enzyme?
a. degrade other molecules
b. build polymers
c. catalyze chemical reactions
d. all of the above
d
how does an enzyme catalyze a chemical reaction?
a. by forcing chemical bonds to break or form when they otherwise would not
b. through a process of mediation
c. it applies a large amount of energy to form or break a chemical
d. it reduces the energy of activation for a reaction
D
what type of inhibitor binds to an active site
a. active inhibitor
b. inactive competitor
c. competitive inhibitor
d. allosteric inhibitor
c
what type of inhibitor binds outside of an active site
a. active inhibitor
b. inactive competitor
c. competitive inhibitor
d. allosteric inhibitor
d
what is cellular resp?
a. the production of glucose
b. reduction/oxidation reactions
c. diffusion of gasses into and out of cells
d. the production of ATP from glucose
d
how many enzymes are needed to complete glycolysis?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 5
d. 10
d
what is produced by glycolysis?
a. 4 atp
b. 2 NADH
c. 2 pyruvates
d. all of the above
d
where does glycolysis occur?
a. the cytoplasm
b. the mitochondrial matrix
c. the mitochondrial outer membrane
d. the mitochondrial inner membrane
a
under what conditions would a cell only produce ATP by glycolysis?
a. when oxygen is plentiful
b. when oxygen is limiting or absent
c. when glucose is limiting
d. when glucose is plentiful
b
what do animal cells produce when oxygen is limiting?
a. lactic acid
b. ethanol and carbon dioxide
c. AcetylCoA
d. FADH
a REFER TO NOTES
What do yeast cells produce when oxygen is limiting?
a. lactic acid
b. ethanol and carbon dioxide
c. acetyl coa
d. fadh
b
what happens to pyruvate if oxygen is plentiful?
a. it is taken into the mitochondrial matrix
b. pyruvate oxidation
c. it is converted to acetyl-coa
d. all of the above
d
what happens to acetyl-coa
a. it enters the electron transport chain
b. it is converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
c. it enters the citric acid cycle
d. it enters the krebs cycle
c
what happens to acetyl-coa in the first step of the citric acid cycle?
a. one carbon is lost as CO2
b. 2 ATP are made
c. it is attached to oxaloacetate
d. 1 NADH is made
c
where is the majority of ATP made during cellular respiration?
a. glycolysis
b. pyruvate oxidation
c. citric acid cycle
d. electron transport chain
d
what is the primary goal of the electron transport chain?
a. to move electrons into the inter-membrane space
b. to move protons into the inter-membrane space
c. to break down NADH
d. to synthesize ATP
b
what is the source of energy to pump the protons against their diffusion gradient?
a. the removal of an electron and proton from NADH
b. the removal of an electron and proton from FADH2
c. the movement of electrons by ubiquinone
d. all of the above
d ASK CAHOON REFER TO NOTES
what enzyme produces ATP?
a. atp synthase
b. complex V
c. adp phosphate
d. atp polymerase
a
where does ATP synthase get the energy to produce ATP
a. atp is used
b facilitated diffusion of the protons in the mitochonria
c. sunlight
d. conversion of NAD+ to NADH
b
