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BIO 1010 > Ch. 3 The Chemical Building Blocks Of Life > Flashcards

Ch. 3 The Chemical Building Blocks Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen are called

A

Hydrocarbons

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2
Q

Organic molecules having the same molecular or empirical formula can exist in different forms called

A

Isomers

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3
Q

Differences in actual structure of the carbon skeleton

A

Structural isomers

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4
Q

Same carbon skeleton, differ in how groups are attached and arranged

A

Stereoisomers

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5
Q

A ______ is a long molecule built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits called ________

A

Polymer;monomers

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6
Q

The long chain are built via chemical reactions termed as _______, and broken down by _______

A

Dehydration reactions; hydrolysis reactions

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7
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Addition of water molecule

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8
Q

Most important of the 6-carbon monosaccharides, it aids in _______

A

Glucose; energy storage

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9
Q

_________ are a loosely defined group of molecules that all contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

The simplest of the carbohydrates are the ________

A

Monosaccharides

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11
Q

Empirical formula of 6-carbon sugar, or simple sugar

A

C6H12O6

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12
Q

Transport forms of sugars are commonly made by linking monosaccharides together to form _________

A

Disaccharides

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13
Q

_________ serve as effective reservoirs of glucose because the enzymes that normally use glucose in the organism cannot break the bonk linking the two monosacharrides

A

Disaccharides

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14
Q

5 carbon sugars

A

Ribose;deoxyribose

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15
Q

6-carbon sugars

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

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16
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Polymers are large molecules composed of many similar smaller molecules in a chain like fashion, joined by covalent bonds

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17
Q

What is the valence of a carbon atom?

A

4

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18
Q

Which elements/atoms make up a hydrocarbon?

A

Hydrocarbons are compounds composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon

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19
Q

Which elements/atoms make up a carbohydrate

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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20
Q

Hydroxyl - formula + properties

A

—OH; polarity, ability to hydrogen bond, hydrophilic, polar, can act as an acid

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21
Q

Amino - formula + properties - WRITE IT OUT

A

-N top H, bottom H; main components of amino acid - monomers of protein, basic

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22
Q

Carboxyl - formula + properties, draw it

A

—C double bond O top, single bond OH bottom; hydrophilic, stabilizes protein structures, acts as an acid

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23
Q

Phosphate - formula + properties, draw it out

A

—O—P—OH (double bond OH below P, Single bond O above P; acts as an acid, can donate protons, important structural component in nucleic acids, chemical energy

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24
Q

Sulfydryl - formula + properties, draw it out

A

—S—H; Polar, found in proteins/protein structure, reactive, thiol

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25
Q

Carbonyl - formula + properties, draw it out

A

—C—H double bond O above C; polar, reactive

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26
Q

Draw galactose (check yourself)

A

Galactose

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27
Q

How does galactose differ from glucose?

A

Differs in the position of its 4th hydroxyl group, gives galactose different properties

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28
Q

Draw fructose (check yourself)

A

Fructose

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29
Q

What is the chemical formula for galactose

A

C6H12O6

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30
Q

What is the formula of fructose?

A

C6H12C6

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31
Q

How does fructose differ from glucose?

A

Fructose is a 5-carbon monosaccharide, where as glucose is a 6-carbon ring

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32
Q

What two monosaccharides make a sucrose molecule?

A

Glucose + fructose

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33
Q

What two monosaccharides make a maltose molecule?

A

Glucose

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34
Q

What are discaccharides linked together by? What kind of bond is it?

A

Glycosidic linkage; covalent bond

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35
Q

Draw sucrose

36
Q

What two monosaccharides make a sucrose molecule?

A

Glucose + fructose

37
Q

Draw lactose

38
Q

What two monosaccharides make a lactose molecule?

A

Galactose, glucose

39
Q

___________ means many sugars. These are long _________ with large numbers of a monosaccharide

A

Polysaccharide; polymers

40
Q

________ is a string of glucose molecules held together by ________. _______ is used by plants for energy storage and consumed by animals as a source of nutrition

A

Starch;glycosidic linkages;starch

41
Q

What polysaccharide is used by animals for energy storage?

42
Q

How is this molecule similar but different from starch?

A

They are both bonded polymers composed of glucose, but starch is found/used in plants

43
Q

The polysaccharide ________ is used for structural support in plant cell walls.

44
Q

How do cellulose molecules differ from starch and glycogen, making it indigestible by animals?

A

Cellulose differs in its structure made of B-glucose subunits, and these are rotated 180 degrees around the C-backbone

45
Q

Where in nature would one find the polysaccharide chitin?

A

Cell walls within fungi

46
Q

How do chitin molecules differ from cellulose?

A

Chitin monomer is N—acetlyglucosamine, cellulose is glucose

47
Q

Where in nature would one find the polysaccharide peptidoglycan?

A

Cell wall in bacteria?

48
Q

How do peptidodoglycan molecules differ from cellulose?

A

Polymer that makes up cell wall in bacteria vs. the polymer that composes the cell wall in fungi

49
Q

DNA - _________ - is a polymer made of a repeating subunit called a __________

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid; doexyribonucleotide

50
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

To encode, carry out information

51
Q

Draw DNA basic structure, label 1 to 5 C & its two functional groups

A

Draw/check

52
Q

Why is the phosphate on a nucleotide called the 5’ phosphate and the hydroxyl called the 3’ hydroxyl?

A

They are linked to the 5’ carbon and the 3’ carbon

53
Q

Name four structural elements found in every nucleotide base

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

54
Q

A covalent bond forms between which two functional groups on the individual nucleotides?

A

5’ Phosphate, 3’ Hydroxyl

55
Q

What do we call the covalent bond between two nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bond

56
Q

Name the two groups of deoxynucleotides

A

Pyramidines; Purines

57
Q

Pryimidines - _______, _______

A

Cytosine, Thymine + Uracil in RNA

58
Q

Purines

A

Guanine,Adenine

59
Q

Why is the orientation of the individual strands making a dna double helix defined as anti-parallel?

A

Same chemical structure, anti-parallel due to opposed directions

60
Q

What type of bond forms between the nucleotide bases on the opposite strands of a double helical DNA molecule?

A

Hydrogen bonds

61
Q

Which bases pair with one another in double stranded DNA?

62
Q

How does an RNA nucleotide differ from a DNA nucleotide?

A

RNA contains ribose sugar in every nucleotide, contains uracil nitrogenous base instead of thymine

63
Q

What are the five common nucleotides found in DNA and RNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil

64
Q

Define Monosaccharide with an example

A

Simple sugar, simplest unit of carbohydrates, monomer of carbohydrates ex. Glucose

65
Q

Define Disaccharide and give an example

A

Two monosaccharides linked together by way of glycosidic bonds ex. Sucrose

66
Q

Define polysaccharide and give an example

A

Long chain like strands of monosaccharides linked together via glycosidic bonds ex. Starch

67
Q

Why is the phosphate functional group of a nucleotide referred to as the 5’ phosphate?

A

The phosphate functional group is attached to the 5’ carbon of the nucleotide

68
Q

What is the relationship of nucleotides and nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acid. Nucleotides are the monomers

69
Q

What are the roles of hydrogen bonds and phosphodeister bonds in the structure of a DNA double helix?

A

Hydrogen bonds allow for the nitrogenous bases of nucleotides to link and pair. The phosphodeister bonds are the bonds that link nucleotides together via their 5’ phosphate and 3’ hydroxyl. Both of these bonds are crucial in their roles of stability and replication.

70
Q

What is a structural difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxynucleotide?

A

The major difference between the two is the sugar, RNA consists of ribose sugar as opposed to DNA’s deoxyribose

71
Q

How many different amino acids make up all the living things on Earth?

72
Q

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of a DNA double helix?

A

Hydrogen bonds occur between complementary nitrogenous base pairs, responsible for base-pair formation.

73
Q

What is the role of phosphodiester bonds in the structure of a DNA double helix?

A

Phosphodiester bonds are strong bonds that link nucleotides together by way of their 5’ carbon and 3’ carbon, making the backbone of DNA and RNA.

74
Q

Hydroxyl functions

A

Introduces polarity and can form hydrogen bonds

75
Q

Amino functions

A

Can make a carbon compound alkaline (basic)

76
Q

Carboxyl functions

A

Can make a carbon compound acidic

77
Q

Phosphate functions

A

Important for cellular energetics (think ATP)

78
Q

Sulfydryl functions

A

Important for protein folding

79
Q

Carbonyl functions

A

Highly reactive

80
Q

Which simple sugars link to form sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

81
Q

Chitin

A

Structural support in fungi and insects

82
Q

Starch

A

Energy storage in plants

83
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Structural support for bacterial cells

84
Q

Glycogen

A

Energy storage in animals

85
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural support for plant cells

BIO 1010 (11 decks)

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