bio final exam Flashcards
What is this process?
6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
photosynthesis
where is the light energy harvest during photosynthesis stored?
chemical bonds
where does photosynthesis occur?
the chloroplast
what are the products of photosynthetic electron transport?
NADPH and ATP
how many protein complexes harvest light during electron transport?
2
how do photosystems I and II harvest light?
With pigments
what are the products of photosynthetic electron transport?
NADPH and ATP
which process uses the NADPH and ATP produced by electron transport?
Calvin Cycle
which enzyme “fixes” CO2 from the atmosphere?
RuBisCo
which product of the calvin cycle is used to make sugars?
3-phosphoglycerate
what is the purpose of mitosis?
cell cloning, cell copying, asexual reproduction
what is the cell doing during interphase stage G1
existing
if a cell receives a signal to divide it enters S phase. what happens during s phase?
centrosome synthesis, dna synthesis
in terms of DNA, what is the difference between the G1 and G2 phases?
G2 has twice as much DNA as G1
what happens to the cells chromosomes during prophase of mitosis?
they condense
what happens to the cells centrosomes during prophase of mitosis?
they migrate to two poles
what happens during metaphase of mitosis?
the chromosomes line up in a plane
what happens during anaphase of mitosis?
chromosomes separate into dyads, migrate to two poles
what event is marked by telophase of mitosis?
the chromosomes complete migration
where are the chromosomes during interphase stage G1
in the nucleus
what do we call a place in the cell cycle where division pauses until certain criteria are met?
check point
if a cell fails the G2 or metaphase checkpoint what might happen?
the cell will die
what criteria must be met before a cell can pass the G1 checkpoint?
signal to divide, cell must be large enough, DNA must be undamaged
what do cancer cells lack?
social control, checkpoint control, apoptosis
what type of reproduction is aided by meiosis?
sexual
the number of chromosome “sets” in a cell is referred to as its…
ploidy
what term is used to denote the two chromatids on a single metaphase chromosome?
sister chromatids
what term is used to denote the two chromatids on different chromosomes in a homologous pair?
non-sister chromatids
what distinguishes meiotic prophase I from mitotic prophase?
crossing over between homologous chromosomes
what is separated during meiotic anaphase I?
homologous pairs (tetrads) are separated
at the end of meiosis I, what is the ploidy of the two products?
haploid
what is separated during meiotic anaphase II?
dyads are pulled apart resulting in separate chromosomes
at the end of meiosis II, what is the ploidy of the two products?
haploid
what do we call a mistake in meiosis where homologous pairs do not properly separate?
non-disjunction
every mendelian cross experiment begins with…
true breeding parents
what do we call the phenotypes seen in the F1 generation?
Dominant
Random crossing: what is the dominant trait?
no way to tell dominant or recessive in random cross
mendelian cross: what is the dominant trait?
whatever trait is present in F1 generation
mendelian cross: predict the f2 phenotypic ratio
po: whitexgrey
f1: grey
f2:?
phenotypic f2 ratio is 3:1, 3 grey 1 white
what is the genotype of the f1 generation in a mendelian cross?
heterozygous
what is the genotypic ratio of the f2 generation in a monohybrid mendelian cross?
1:2:1
what is suggested by “two dominant alleles”, aka co-dominance?
both alleles make a functioning product but the products differ from one another. the mixing of the two products creates the intermediate phenotype
which type of inheritance best describes the patterns in this cross?
Po spots x stripes
F1 all have spots & stripes
f2 1/4 spots, 1/2 spots & stripes, 1/4 stripes
co-dominant alleles
what is the best explanation for two independently assorting genes in a dihybrid cross?
the genes are on different chromosomes
how many different allele combinations can be made from two independently assorting heterozygous genes?
4
two independently assorting genes will result in a F2 ratio divisible by
16
what does this description suggest: there is no obvious ratio divisible by 16 in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross, the parental types are over-represented, and the non-parental types are under-represented
the genes are not independently assorting
what is the source of non-parentals?
crossing over between homologous pairs
DNA is a polymer made of
nucleotides