Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 1010 > bio final exam > Flashcards

bio final exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is this process?
6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

A

photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where is the light energy harvest during photosynthesis stored?

A

chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does photosynthesis occur?

A

the chloroplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the products of photosynthetic electron transport?

A

NADPH and ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how many protein complexes harvest light during electron transport?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do photosystems I and II harvest light?

A

With pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the products of photosynthetic electron transport?

A

NADPH and ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which process uses the NADPH and ATP produced by electron transport?

A

Calvin Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which enzyme “fixes” CO2 from the atmosphere?

A

RuBisCo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which product of the calvin cycle is used to make sugars?

A

3-phosphoglycerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis?

A

cell cloning, cell copying, asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the cell doing during interphase stage G1

A

existing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

if a cell receives a signal to divide it enters S phase. what happens during s phase?

A

centrosome synthesis, dna synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in terms of DNA, what is the difference between the G1 and G2 phases?

A

G2 has twice as much DNA as G1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens to the cells chromosomes during prophase of mitosis?

A

they condense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens to the cells centrosomes during prophase of mitosis?

A

they migrate to two poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens during metaphase of mitosis?

A

the chromosomes line up in a plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens during anaphase of mitosis?

A

chromosomes separate into dyads, migrate to two poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what event is marked by telophase of mitosis?

A

the chromosomes complete migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where are the chromosomes during interphase stage G1

A

in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do we call a place in the cell cycle where division pauses until certain criteria are met?

A

check point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

if a cell fails the G2 or metaphase checkpoint what might happen?

A

the cell will die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what criteria must be met before a cell can pass the G1 checkpoint?

A

signal to divide, cell must be large enough, DNA must be undamaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do cancer cells lack?

A

social control, checkpoint control, apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what type of reproduction is aided by meiosis?

A

sexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the number of chromosome “sets” in a cell is referred to as its…

A

ploidy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what term is used to denote the two chromatids on a single metaphase chromosome?

A

sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what term is used to denote the two chromatids on different chromosomes in a homologous pair?

A

non-sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what distinguishes meiotic prophase I from mitotic prophase?

A

crossing over between homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is separated during meiotic anaphase I?

A

homologous pairs (tetrads) are separated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

at the end of meiosis I, what is the ploidy of the two products?

A

haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is separated during meiotic anaphase II?

A

dyads are pulled apart resulting in separate chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

at the end of meiosis II, what is the ploidy of the two products?

A

haploid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what do we call a mistake in meiosis where homologous pairs do not properly separate?

A

non-disjunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

every mendelian cross experiment begins with…

A

true breeding parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what do we call the phenotypes seen in the F1 generation?

A

Dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Random crossing: what is the dominant trait?

A

no way to tell dominant or recessive in random cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

mendelian cross: what is the dominant trait?

A

whatever trait is present in F1 generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

mendelian cross: predict the f2 phenotypic ratio

po: whitexgrey
f1: grey
f2:?

A

phenotypic f2 ratio is 3:1, 3 grey 1 white

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the genotype of the f1 generation in a mendelian cross?

A

heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the genotypic ratio of the f2 generation in a monohybrid mendelian cross?

A

1:2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is suggested by “two dominant alleles”, aka co-dominance?

A

both alleles make a functioning product but the products differ from one another. the mixing of the two products creates the intermediate phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

which type of inheritance best describes the patterns in this cross?
Po spots x stripes
F1 all have spots & stripes
f2 1/4 spots, 1/2 spots & stripes, 1/4 stripes

A

co-dominant alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the best explanation for two independently assorting genes in a dihybrid cross?

A

the genes are on different chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how many different allele combinations can be made from two independently assorting heterozygous genes?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

two independently assorting genes will result in a F2 ratio divisible by

A

16

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what does this description suggest: there is no obvious ratio divisible by 16 in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross, the parental types are over-represented, and the non-parental types are under-represented

A

the genes are not independently assorting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the source of non-parentals?

A

crossing over between homologous pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

DNA is a polymer made of

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

which best describes DNA synthesis?

A

each of the two existing strands act as a template to produce a new strand

51
Q

which best describes DNA synthesis?

A

the process is catalyzed by several different enzymes

52
Q

which enzyme synthesizes a new strand of DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

53
Q

what does DNA polymerase require?

A

a free 3’ hydroxyl to attach a new nucleotide
a template strand
unpaired deoxynucleotides

54
Q

dna polymerase synthesizes new dna…

A

5’ to 3’

55
Q

which enzyme makes an RNA primer to begin DNA synthesis?

A

Primase

56
Q

why is an RNA primer necessary?

A

DNA polymerase requires a 3’ hydroxyl to add a new nucleotide

57
Q

what is a genetic mutation?

A

a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence

58
Q

mutations are …

A

good, bad, or neutral

59
Q

what are the sources of mutation?

A

ionizing radiation/gamma radiation/radiations
nitrous acid
DNA polymerase
Oxygen radical

60
Q

what do we call DNA polymerases ability to correct a mismatch?

A

exonuclease activity

61
Q

what do we call a chemical that can cause a mutation?

A

mutagen

62
Q

which repair mechanism fixes mutations created by UV light?

A

excision repair

63
Q

what is encoded by a gene?

A

protein

64
Q

where does gene expression occur?

A

every cell with a nucleus

65
Q

during the process of gene expression what is made first?

A

RNA

66
Q

what type of RNA is made from a gene?

A

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

67
Q

what functions are performed by the proteins made from genes?

A

enzymatic
structural
regulation of cell processes

68
Q

in gene expression, what is transcription?

A

RNA production

69
Q

where does transcription begin?

A

at the promoter

70
Q

what serves as a template fro transcription?

A

one of the two strands of DNA

71
Q

what enzyme catalyzes the transcription of RNA from a DNA template?

A

RNA polymerase

72
Q

what is the first event in bacterial transcription?

A

sigma factor binds

73
Q

what is transcription?

A

the process of making RNA from a DNA template

74
Q

what is translation?

A

the process of making protein from a RNA template

75
Q

what marks the beginning of translation?

A

start codon

76
Q

every protein begin with…

A

methionine

77
Q

what is a genetic codon?

A

a group of three mRNA nucleotides which can be tanslated into a specific amino acid

78
Q

what is the role of mRNA in translation?

A

it is a series of codons that will be translated

79
Q

what molecule matches each amino acid to the proper codon?

A

tRNA

80
Q

what is the role of rRNA in translation?

A

the “workbench” where translation occurs

81
Q

translation is terminated by…

A

one of the three “stop” codons

82
Q

how can a single nucleotide mutation have no effect on the amino acid content of a protein?

A

there is redundancy in the genetic code

83
Q

what role does light energy play? explain which protein complexes harvest it and what it does with the energy

A

PSII uses the light energy to split a water molecule
PSI re-energizes an e- it received from plastocyanin

84
Q

at what stage is CO2 utilized? what is CO2 added to and by what?

A

calvin cycle - Co2 is added to Ribulose-bis-phosphate by RuBisCo

85
Q

which enzyme fixes Co2 from the atmosphere?

A

RuBisCo

86
Q

what is the role of H2O?

A

it is split by PsII where it provides energy (e-) to move H+’s from the stroma to the lumen. Provides H+ to the lumen

87
Q

at what stage is C6H12O6 produced?

A

carbon dioxide fixation, calvin cycle

88
Q

at what stage is O2 produced? include protein complex

A

the first step of e- transport, PSII

89
Q

list two pigments found in photosystems

A

Chlorophyll-a
Chlorophyll-b
Xanthophyl
Beta-canotene

90
Q

why do photosystems have multiple pigments?

A

the more pigments the more wavelengths of light that can be harvested

91
Q

Characteristics of G1/G0

A

cell is “existing”
chromosomes are single strands of DNA

92
Q

characteristics of S phase

A

DNA is replicated
chromosomes are being replicated

93
Q

characteristics of prophase

A

chromatin is condensing
nuclear membrane dissolves
third idk?

94
Q

characteristics of metaphase

A

condensed chromosomes align along plane

95
Q

characteristics of anaphase

A

chromosomes (chromatids) separate and are pulled to opposite side of the cell

96
Q

characteristics of telophase

A

chromosomes stop moving + decondense
nuclear membrane reforms

97
Q

what is the difference between a chromosome in G1, G2, and metaphase?

A

G1 - each chromosome is a single strand of DNA
G2 - each chromosome has been replicated and is made of 2 strands of DNA held together by a centromere
Metaphase - each chromosome is condensed for movement

98
Q

list the three cell cycle checkpoints covered in class and define one criterion for each one that much be met before the cell can continue to divide

A

G1 - cell has received a signal to divide
Cell is large enough
DNA is undamaged
Sufficient nutrition

G2 - DNA has been replicated, undamaged

Metaphase - all chromosomes are present, undamaged, aligned

99
Q

goblins are 2n=4

how many chromosomes would be present in a meiocyte in G1 phase (before meiosis begins?)

A

4

100
Q

goblins are 2n=4

how many chromosomes would be present in the two secondary meiocytes produced at the end of meiosis 1?

A

2

101
Q

goblins are 2n=4

how many chromosomes would be present in the gametes produced at the end of meiosis 2?

A

2

102
Q

goblins are 2n=4

what is the ploidy of a goblin meiocyte in G1 phase? (before meiosis begins)

A

2n

103
Q

goblins are 2n=4

what is the ploidy of the two secondary meiocytes produced at the end of meiosis 1?

A

1n

104
Q

goblins are 2n=4

what is the ploidy of the gametes produced at the end of meiosis 2?

A

1n

105
Q

what event distinguishes prophase I of meiosis from prophase of mitosis?

A

crossing over

106
Q

how would chromosomes appear at metaphase I and metaphase II?

A

metaphase I - double planed, metaphase II - single plane

XX X
XX X

107
Q

how would chromosomes appear in anaphase I? CLICK EDIT

A

—XX —-
–X X —

108
Q

describe three events that define prophase I of meiosis

A

nuclear membrane disintegrates
chromatin condenses
crossing over between homologous pairs of chromosomes

109
Q

what is one important piece of information you must have known about the individuals used in the Po cross? Mendelian cross

A

each is true-breeding

110
Q

what are the possible genotypes for each generation of this mendelian cross?

Po: pointy x rounded
F1: all rounded
F2: 3/4 rounded, 1/4 pointy

A

Po pointy = aa
Po rounded = AA
F1 rounded = Aa
F2 pointy = aa
F2 rounded = AA, Aa

111
Q

if a mendelian cross is performed reciprocally, is the outcome the same or different, why?

A

same, each parent contributes equal amounts of genetic material towards offspring. The f1 would still be heterozygous

112
Q

Po Line x square
F1 oval shaped
F2 1/4, 1/2, 1/4

what mode of inheritance explains this pattern?

A

Incomplete/Co

113
Q

what mode of inheritance explains this pattern?

Po red x blue
F1 purple

A

incomplete dominance

114
Q

what mode of inheritance explains this pattern?

Po red x blue
F1 red blue spotted

A

Co-dominance

115
Q

Po Line x square
F1 oval shaped
F2 1/4 line, 1/2 oval, 1/4 square

what are the probable genotypes for the following?

A

Po line = AA
Po square = aa
F1 oval = Aa
F2 line = AA
F2 oval = Aa
F2 square = aa

116
Q

explain why the phenotype of the F1 generation is unlike either of the parents in the Po generation

Po Line x square
F1 oval shaped
F2 1/4 line, 1/2 oval, 1/4 square

A

incomplete dominance = the oval is an intermediate of the line + square due to a single “dose” of gene product
co-dominance = the oval is the result of two different enzymes

117
Q

what is one basic tenet of mendels theory of segregation?

A

hereditary units occur in pairs called alleles
alleles may or may not be the same
the two alleles segregate from one another during transmission from parent to offspring
females + males contribute equally to the offspring

118
Q

which of mendels laws is demonstrated by a 9:3:3:1 f2 ratio?

A

independent assortment

119
Q

Po: 2 eyes, point x one eye, round
F1: All have 2 eyes and pointy
F2: 9/16 2 eyes, pointy
3/16 2 eyes, round
3/16 1 eye, pointy
1/16, 1 eye, round

predict reasonable genotypes for each gen

A

Po 2 eyes, pointy: AABB
Po 1 eye, round: aabb
F1 2 eyes, pointy: AaBb
f2 2 eyes, pointy: A_B_
2 eyes, round: A_bb
1 eye, point: aaB_
1 eye, round: aabb

120
Q

what ratio would be observed instead of a 9:3:3:1 had the two genes been linked?

A

the parental types would be predominate, there would not be a 9:3:3:1 ratio. if the ratio is at all different, then the genes are linked

121
Q

Po straight x triangular
F1 all triangular
F2 9/16 triangular
7/16 straight

what mode of inheritance best explains this pattern?

A

Epistasis

122
Q

Po straight x triangular
F1 all triangular
F2 9/16 triangular
7/16 straight

predict reasonable genotypes

A

Po straight = aabb
Po triangular = AABB
F1 triangular = AaBb
F2 straight = A_bb, aabb, aaB_
F2 triangular = A_B_

123
Q

what is epistasis?

A

two genes contributing towards one trait

124
Q

how could two genes contribute to one trait?

A

the phenotype is created through a metabolic pathway

BIO 1010 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions