Mitosis + Meoisis Flashcards
3 parts of the cell cycle
- Interphase = 3 parts
- Mitosis =
- Prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase - Cytokinesis
Interphase on a microscope
- round (circle like)
- uniform looks the same
- circles in the circle are the same size
Prophase on a microscope
- round(circle)
- splotchy (not uniform)
Metaphase on microscope
- line of dna straight down the middle
- looks like a christmas tree
Anaphase on microscope
- looks like fingers pullling apart
- (apart)
telophase on a microscope
- two seperate circles
- two nuclei in one cell
cytokinesis
PLANT CELL
- cell plate
- small line in between the nuclei
ANIMAL CELL
- cleavage furrow
why do cells divide
too be more efficient since a smaller cell is more efficient than a larger one
Explain phases of Interphase
G1 = cell is doing its normal function + growing
S = DNA replication
G2 = preparing for the next phase (preparing for mitosis or meosis)
summarize mitosis
- nuclear divison (breaking nucleus in half)
summarize cytokinesis
cellular divison
Explain steps of cell cycle for skin cell
g1 = single chromoses
S+G2+prophase = DNA condenses
Metaphase = line up
Anaphase = apart
Telophase = two nuclei form
Cytokiensis = it gets split
job of checkpoints
- to make sure that every cell is identical (double checks everything)
- no checkpoints runs the risk of having problems
ex. stoplight
homologous chromosomes
mom + dad chromosome next to each other with the same length, same centromenre postion, genes at the same spot
diploid
50% mom + 50% dad
haploid
sperm, egg + pollen - gametes or germ cell
- half of a diploid/chromosome
2 gametes = ?
+
sperm cell + egg cell = ?
diploid
where is crossing over occur and why is it special
it is in prophase 1
- it creates diversity bc any amount or none amount of genes can cross which makes sibling and people look differently
- homoglus pair of chromosomes swap dna during prophase 1
Cell cycle (meosis)
- Interphase (same for mitosis)
- Prophase 1 =
- DNA condenses
- crossing over - Metaphase 1 =
-homoglus pair of chromosomes line up down the middle of the cell - Anaphase 1 =
- homoglous pair of chromosome are being pulled part - Telophase 1
- two new nuclei form that are haploid
CYTOKENSIS - Prophase 2=
- chromosomes condenses but the cells are haploid - Metaphase 2 =
- chromosomes line-up down the middle of the cell but they are haploid - Anaphase 2 =
- chromsomes are being pulled apart but they are haploid - Telophase 2 =
two new nuclei are formin gthat are haploid in two different cells
CYTOKENSIS =. 4 cells
where are the four checkpoints
- End of G1
- End of S
- End of G2
-End of mitosis
what can led to down syndrome
when chromosomes in anaphase 1 or 2 don’t pull apart this can led to down syndrome
what do stem cells do
- helps to regenerate damaged tissues and can address issues like various cancer
- can’t stop cancer but can help
three types of stem cells + functions
- embryonic = get them from embryos
- turn them into what into whatever you need
downside = bc you take an embryo
against some cultures (controversial) - adult = it can replace your blood cells
ex. bone marrow
downside - can only change to blood cells - pluripotent =
- takes living specialized cell -> changes the DNA turn into unspecialized cell (make it have no function) -> turn into specialized cell (make it have the function you want)
apoptosis
(the cell shuts down) programmed cell death1
