Cell theory Flashcards
three main parts of cell theory
- all organsims are composed with 1 or more cells
ex. human - multicellular
ex. bacteria - unicellular(one cells)
ex. malaria - 1 cell
ex. virus - 0 cell = not living - can’t go smaller than a cell for a living organsims
- all cells come from preexisting cells
ex. get cut old good cells make new cells to repair skin (heals- makes a scab
ex. puberty
why is cell theory just a theory
Rule 1 a theory = don’t know what first organsims wer on planent
Rule 2 a theory =. true now but don’t know if this was true for before
Rule 3 a thoery =. we don’t know where the first cell cam from (kinda of like chicken or egg)
light microscopes
- it allowes you to see through light bc light goes thru object - see it
- downside can’t see small things on planet (only see 400x)
ex. can;t see virus or bacteria
electron microscope
uses electrons to boucne off the slide then it goes back up to your eyes
your eye (10,000x)
- downside = not really looking at organsims + expensive + massive
prokaryoitic Cell
Pro = before
Karyo = nucleus (more general)
no nucleus - no brain of cell
no other membrane bound organelles
ex. bacteria
Eukaryotic Cell
Eu = true
karyo = nucleus
true nucleus
membrane bound organelles
ex. human
- all animals
- all plants
- malaria
- all fungus(mushrooms
- protists
(membrane bound organsimes)
plasma membrane
same thing as the cell membrane
ex. skin
- eyelids
SKIN OF THE CELL
- TWO LAYERS OF LIPIDS EMEDDED WITH PROTEINS
- SEPARTES THE INSIDE OF THE CELL FROM THE OUTSIDE
EX.
it lets things come in and out of the cells
ex. breathe in oxygen needts to go into lungs - oxygen goes into cells through plasma membrane then it goes out
ex. drink water - water needs to go into your cells then out( pee a lot when drink water bc the molecule in cells lets it out
DON’T HAVE TO THINK ABOUT IT
natural energy
selective permeability
says you can come in and who can’t come in (bodyguard)
ex. we are breathing nitrogen gas but the slective permealbity will put it out - goes into lungs - cells say no - leaves lungs
- stops it from letting carbon dioxide in
- like using ca ID badges - need a ca id badge to come in but don’t need badge to get out
- all you can eat steak - eat more than body can handle - selective permeabiliyt - so poop or throw it out
phospholipid bilayer
two layers of phospholipid molecules
- the physical blocker (keeps things in or out)
Protein
beams in walls
- bones of cells give cells support
- let something come in or out ( the channel that let it in or out)
- can’t go through plasma membrane bc to big go through the protein
cholesterol oil
oil for the cells helps the parts flow and helps them movr
- lets everything flow freely
- gets cells stronger so they are less breakable
what are the other components in the cell
protein
cholsterol oil
carbohydrates
phospholipid bilayer
Carbohydrates
identifiction (like a ca id bage or a type of blood
ex. if you have strip throat that is because somehting doesn’t have the same badge as your body -> so it is getting attacted
- badge is proof that they don’t need to be killed
diffusion
- movements of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
- PASSIVE TRANSPORT
- diffusion can happen with anything
ex. person w/ lot of perfume walks in -> next person smells it -> then the next -> then it fills the entire room equally (equilbrum)
diffusion vs osomis
they are the same but osomis ONLY happens in cells + diffusion can occur anywhere
ex. water going in + out of cells
osmois = water is difussing
look at photo for diffusion + osmois on phone - what is occuring in image
- red dots equilibrium
- green dots diffusion high -> to low
equilibrium
when something is equal
Passive Transport
no energy being used
ex. a ball rolling down a hill (zero energy)
ex. potato lab
ex. all difussion + osmosis
ex. carbon, oxygen, water
- essential to life
-
Active Transport
moving from low concentration to a high one
- ball rolling up a hill (takes effort)
- eating on thanksgiving (not essential to have that much food)
- electro lights, sugar protein
- not essential
- ENDOCYTOSIS
- EXOCYTOSIS
- LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES + PROTEINS GOING INTO A CELL
endocytosis
endo = inside
- cells looking for bad guy by checking carbohydrate idenfiction if not supposed to be there they “eat” bad guy
exocytosis
exo = outside
- cells use the restroom
- cells are getting rid of waste
ex. we seeze, pee
what happens to endocytosis + exocytois when you are sick
you do a lot more of endocytosis + exocytosis
hypertonic
hypotonic
isotonic
hypertonic - water rushes out TOO MUCH SALT
-hypotonic - not enough salt water rushes in
-isotonic- equal amount of water + salt
what is the special thing about protists
they can live in animal cells
nuclues
it’s where the dna stored
ex.
- many nucleus in hair cells and it determines your hair color based on your DNA
- blood cells have a lot of nucleus
- nuclues in hair cell because they control what color hair you have bc of DNA
- skelatal muscle cells
mitochondria
provides energy for the cell
ex. running or lifting weight u use mitochondria
- a lot found in muscles
vaucole + vesicle
storage units for cells
-in a fat cell the vesicles store the fat
ex.
store a plant’s water soulable pigment (water best solvent to to extract pigment) in plant cells that gives it the plants color
golgi apparatus
making of PROTEINS so that they can be sent out of the cell or get stored vb
ex.
- white blood cells(they ‘eat’ the enemies) have a lot of this because the main job of immune cells is too transport and secrete proteins to
smooth ER
makes + packages fats(lipids) to be sent out of or to be stored in the cell
ex.
brain cells have a lot of smoothER + in avocado there is a lot of smoothER in it
- a lot in liver bc it detoxifices the liver with its lipids
ribsomes
make proteins(free floating)
-liver, pancreas, muscles -> need a large amount of protein to be able for the muscles to function
rough Er
ribsomes are stuck to it makes + makes proteins
ex. a lot is in the pancreatic cells because there is a high demand for protein since the pancreas often gets low on protein everyday since it is making so many enzymes that it needs a lot of roughER to repair -> lets the pancreas digest food
what two things are in plant cells but not animal
- cell wall - provides structure for plant cell
- chloroplast - collects sunligh to make sugar
how does diffusion relate to cell theory
???
how does the potato lab show osmosis
- they sat over night for couple of days showing osomois since the water was going in and out of the cells based on if it was hypotonic or hypertonic soultion. the weight changed the least amount for .2 sugar conc. which meant that it was the isotonic soultion. (all passive transport)
Bacteria
-extremely small
- prokaryotic cell
- unicellular
- could be dots, striaght lines, or squiqqles
protists
- small but bigger than bacteria
- unicellular
- some protists live in animal cells or blood cells
- eukaryotic
fungi
- large cell
multicellular - stuck tg - will look like a mushroom
- bottom of a mushroom
- stalk of something with a cap
- eukaryotic
plants cells
-large cell
-multicellular
-looks like rooms in house (square, rectangle, circle shapes
- eukaryotic
animal cell
-large cell
-multicellular
- squishy - more of a blob
- eukaryotic
ex. of nucleus
- blood cells have a lot of nucleus
- hair color is ur dna
- skelatal muscle cells
ATP
MOLECULE THAT STORES CHEMICAL ENERGY IN CELLS (MITOCHONDRIA)
-the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level\\\\
ex. chloroplast
ex. leaves do a lot of this
cell wall
three different types of proteins
- Integral proteins (channel proteins): = Allow materials to pass through.
- Peripheral proteins = Assist with communication and transport.
- Globular proteins = Help in cell structure and function.
