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IMMS > Mitosis & meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis & meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main stages of the cell cycle?

A

Growth/interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)

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2
Q

What phases are there within the interphase?

A

G1 (growth 1)
S (synthesis)
G2 (growth 2)

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3
Q

What happens in G1 phase?

A

Cellular contents (excluding chromosomes) are duplicated

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4
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

Each of the 46 chromosomes are duplicated by the cell

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5
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

The cell double checks the duplicated chromosomes for errors, and repairs any errors.

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6
Q

What are the stages in mitosis?

A

PPMAT

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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7
Q

What happens in prophase of mitosis?

A

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
There are now chromosomes each made up of 2 sister chromatids

Centrosomes nucleate microtubules and move to opposite poles of the nucleus

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8
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down

Microtubules invade nuclear space

Chromatids attach to microtubules

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9
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

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10
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids are separated and pushed to opposite poles of the cell

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11
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

Nuclear membranes reform

Chromosomes unfold into chromatin

Cytokinesis begins

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12
Q

How would you recognise cells in prophase?

A

Cells have dark condensed chromosomes

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13
Q

How would you recognise cells in metaphase?

A

Dark chromosomes line up along middle

Thick stripe in middle of cell

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14
Q

How would you recognise cells in anaphase?

A

Chromosomes lined up in 2 lines at opposite poles of the cell

Two dark stripes either side of cell

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15
Q

How would you recognise cells in Telophase?

A

Look to be about to divide

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16
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division that results in 2 daughter diploid cells each having the same number of chromosome (46) and genetically identical

17
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division that results in 4 haploid cells being produced from 1 diploid one.

Happens in two sections:
Meiosis 1 & Meiosis 2

18
Q

Name the stages of meiosis in order?

A 
MEIOSIS 1
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
MEIOSIS 2
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
19
Q

Which cells does meiosis occur in?

A

Gametes

20
Q

What happens in prophase 1 of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes pair and ‘crossing over’ occurs - recombinant chromosomes are formed

21
Q

What happens in prometaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

Spindle apparatus is formed and attaches to spindle fibres by kinetochores

22
Q

What happens in metaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes are arranged as a double row along the equator

Arrangement along equator is random

23
Q

What happens in anaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes are separated and move to opposite poles

So there are entire chromosomes at each pole

24
Q

What happens at Telophase 1?

A

Nuclear membrane reforms and cytokinesis begins to occur

25
Q

Meiosis ? separates pairs of homologous chromosomes?

A

I

26
Q

Meiosis ? separates each chromosome into two chromatids?

A

II

27
Q

What happens in prophase II of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes condense and nuclear membrane dissolves

Spindle fibres form

28
Q

What happens in metaphase II of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes line up along centre and spindle fibres attach to centromere

29
Q

What happens in anaphase II of meiosis?

A

Centromeres divide and sister chromatids move to opposite poles

30
Q

What happens in Telophase II of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes get to opposite ends of pole and nuclear membrane reforms

31
Q

Is meiosis I or meiosis II the same as mitosis?

A

Meiosis II

32
Q

Briefly describe sperm production (spermatogenesis).

A

Primordial germ cells > lots of mitoses > Spermatogonia

Meiotic divisions begin at puberty

Cytoplasm divides evenly

After meiosis II there are 4 equal gametes

Takes 60-65 days

Millions of mature sperms continuously produced

33
Q

How many sperms per ejaculate?

A

100-200 million

34
Q

Briefly describe egg production (oogenesis).

A

Primordial germ cell > 30 mitoses > oogonia

Oogonia enter prophase of meiosis I by 8th month of development (pre-birth)

Process suspended until puberty

Cells enter ovulation

Cytoplasm divides unequally

Meiosis II is only completed if fertilisation occurs

35
Q

What does Mendel’s 2nd law state?

A

In the inheritance of more than one pair of traits in a cross simultaneously, the factor responsible for each pair of traits are distributed to the gametes.

36
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

Failure of chromosomes to separate in meiosis I

OR failure of sister chromatids to separate in meiosis II

37
Q

When does crossing over occur in meiosis?

A

Prophase I

38
Q

What’s the difference between numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities?

A

Numerical: Down’s syndrome for example - failure at anaphase chromosomes are not split, 3 copies of chromosome 21 end up in one gamete

Structural: Deletion, duplication or translocation of bases/genes

IMMS (14 decks)

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