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Block II > Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What drives the cell cycle

A

Cyclin-dependent kinase

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2
Q

How does Cdk do its job

A

Phosphorylating specific substrates

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3
Q

What happens during mitosis prophase

A

Chromosomes condense
Centromeres migrate to poles
Spindle starts to form

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4
Q

What happens during mitosis pro-metaphase

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down
Chromosomes attach to spindle

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5
Q

Mitosis metaphase

A

Sister chromatids linked to opposite spindle poles
Chromosomes align along equatorial plane

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6
Q

Mitosis anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate
Daughter chromatids pulled to opposite ends of cell

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7
Q

Mitosis - telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at poles
Nuclear membrane reforms
Chromosomes decondense

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8
Q

Centrosome:

A

Microtubule organizing center, contains a pair of centrioles

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9
Q

What holds sister chromosomes together

A

Cohesin

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10
Q

What helps DNA coil

A

Condensin

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11
Q

What triggers nuclear envelope breakdown

A

It goes to vet school
JK. Cdk phosphorylation of lamins, which provide the structural integrity

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12
Q

How do microtubules attach to the chromosomes

A

Attach to the kinetochore which is bound to the DNA

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13
Q

What are the names of improper spindle alignment

A

Syntelic
Merotelic
Monotelic

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14
Q

What is proper spindle attachment/orientation called

A

Amphitelic

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15
Q

Syntelic attachement:

A

Both kinetochores attached to the same pole

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16
Q

Merotelic attachments

A

Uneven number of microtubules between poles (more attached to one pole than the other pole)

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17
Q

Monotelic attachments

A

Microtubules only attach to one kinetochore

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18
Q

Astral microtubules:

A

orient spindles, pull centrosomes apart

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19
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

Pull chromatids apart

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20
Q

Polar microtubules

A

Extend the entire length of the spindle

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21
Q

Is tension between centromeres good or bad

A

Good. It means there’s a stable attachment

22
Q

How do microtubules pull chromosomes apart

A

Fast subunit subtraction at kinetochore –> MT shortened –> kinetochore pulled toward pole

23
Q

What is APC

A

Anaphase promoting complex

24
Q

What activates APC

A

Cdk

25
Q

What is APC’s job

A

To activate separase by cleaving securin

26
Q

Why does separase need to be activated

A

Separase degrades cohesin which holds the sister chromatids together. Anaphase cannot happen until cohesin has been degraded

27
Q

What happens if the chromosomes aren;t correctly aligned going into anaphase

A

APC is never activated –> separase never activated –> cohesin keeps sister chromatids together –> no anaphase

28
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasmic division

29
Q

When does cytokinesis occur

A

Anaphase-telophase

30
Q

What is the contractile ring

A

Actin and myosin filaments that form inside the plasma membrane at the metaphase plate

31
Q

What is the goal of meiosis

A

To produce haploid gametes from diploid parent cells

32
Q

What aspects of meiosis contribute to genetic diversity

A

-Independent assortment of maternal & paternal homologs during meiotic division I
-Crossing over during prophase I

33
Q

What is the primary driver of proper chromosome segregation in meiosis

A

Crossing over

34
Q

Sparknotes of meiosis I

A

Duplicated homologs pair up
At least one cross-over occurs per pair
Homologs align on spindle
Homologs segregate to opposite poles

35
Q

Sparknotes of meiosis II

A

Spindle reforms
Chromosomes align
Chromatids segregate to opposite poles

36
Q

Prophase I:

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up
Protein elements established between homologs
Recombination (crossing over)

37
Q

Where on the chromosomes does recombination occur

A

At recombination nodules–large protein complexes containing recombination proteins

38
Q

Steps of recombination:

A

Double-stranded DNA break
Resected so that 3’ end overhangs
Overhanging 3’ end invades homologous chromatid
Double Holliday junction forms
Resolvase cuts joined molecules to produce recombined chromosomes

39
Q

What is the site of completed cross-over called?

A

Chiasma

40
Q

Two pairs of homologous chromosomes are called a…

A

bivalent

41
Q

Non-disjunction:

A

Failure of chromosomes to separate and segregate properly at anaphase I or II

42
Q

What holds pairs of homologs together

A

Chiasma(s/e)? is it Latin? who knows
cohesins at arms

43
Q

What holds sister chromatids together

A

Cohesins at the centromere

44
Q

Where do oocytes arrest during meiosis

A

Prohpase I

45
Q

What is special about oogenesis in terms of divisions

A

They are asymmetric–one set is discarded (1st and 2nd polar bodies)

46
Q

When does meiosis initiate in the male

A

After puberty

47
Q

Why are there so many more sperms than oocytes?

A

Because it takes more energy and resources to create an oocyte and sperm exploit maternal investment. Classic.

48
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: where does it happen

A

Mi: somatic cells
Me: germ cells

49
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: what is the result

A

Mi: 2 diploid cells
Me: 4 haploid cells

50
Q

Mitosis vs meiosis: what happens to the # chromosomes/cell

A

Mi: maintained
Me: halved

Block II (28 decks)

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