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Block II > Cell Anatomy - Organelles > Flashcards

Cell Anatomy - Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the problems associated with visualizing cells and their contents

A

They are tiny (10-20um) and colorless

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2
Q

Light micropscopy - mechanism and resolution

A

Glass lenses & light
0.2um

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3
Q

Electron microscopy - mechanism and resolution

A

Electron beams and electromagnets on the lenses
0.1nm

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4
Q

Resolution:

A

the minimal distance required for two objects to be separated and seen and independent

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5
Q

What is the favored technique for visualizing cells & why

A

Light microscopy
Straightforward sample prep
Inexpensive
Non-destructive
Can use dead or living cells

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6
Q

What are florescent probes and why do we care

A

Small fluorescent molecules that bind to specific compounds
They can light up intracellular components

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7
Q

What are fluorescent marker proteins

A

A fluorescent protein used to tag certain cellular components
Most common is green fluorescent protein (GFP)

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8
Q

What is an example of how GFP is used

A

GFP gene sequence ligated into gene sequence of interest
GFP is translated by live cells
Can then be visualized with fluorescence microscopy

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9
Q

How does immunofluorescence work

A

Antigen A of interest is bound by primary antibody
Secondary antibody with fluorescent marker attaches to primary antibody
Fluorescent emission is viewed via fluorescence microscopy
Cells are DEAD for this, but not for GFP

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10
Q

Pros of EM

A

Much higher resolving power (x1,000)

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11
Q

Cons of EM

A

Sample prep is more technical and takes longer
Destructive to cells
Cells must be dead and dried
Expensive

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12
Q

What is transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

A

Similar to light microscopy but larger
Samples stained w electron-dense materials
Image collected based on how electrons move through the sample
Sliced, 2D image

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13
Q

What is scanning EM

A

Smaller, simpler & cheaper than TEM
Samples coated w electron dense heavy metals
Image collected based on electrons scattering off of the sample’s surface
3D image

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14
Q

Organelle:

A

Specialized subunit of the cell with a special function, usually enclosed by its own lipid bilayer
Basically the organs of the cell

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15
Q

What are the three main categories of organelles

A

Manufacture
Breakdown
Energy processing

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16
Q

What organelles are in the manufacturing group?

A

Nucleus
ER
Golgi

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17
Q

What organelles are in the breakdown group?

A

Proteasome
Lysosome
Peroxisome

18
Q

What organelles are in the energy processing group?

A

Mitochondria

19
Q

Organelles are distinct to what type of cells

A

Eukaryotes

20
Q

Are organelle structure and function conserved between species?

A

Yes

21
Q

Nucleus: structural features

A

-Round or elliptical
-Double membrane w/ nuclear pores
-Nucleoli
Contiguous with ER

22
Q

Nucleus: function

A

-Control center of cell
-DNA and RNA synthesis
-Nucleolus - rRNA synthesis

23
Q

ER: structural features

A

-network that extends from nucleus throught cell
-2 subdomains:
-rER - ribosomes
-sER - no ribosomes

24
Q

ER: funtion

A

-sER - lipid syntheis
-rER - protein synthesis
-Ca storage
-Initial site for protein glycosylation

25
Q

ER: system

A

Secretory pathway

26
Q

Golgi: structural features

A

-Stack of disc-like compartments
-Polarity: cis face close to ER, trans face far from ER

27
Q

Golgi: function

A

-Protein sorting and modifiction
-receives proteins and lipids from the ER
-Extensive protein glycosylation

28
Q

Golgi: system

A

Exocytic (secretory) pathway

29
Q

Why is Golgi always capitalized?

A

Because it’s named after the guy who discovered it. He has an amazing mustache

30
Q

Proteasome: structural features

A

-Protein complex
-Not membrane bound
-In cytoplasm and nucleus

31
Q

Proteasome: function

A

-Degrades foreign proteins in cytoplasm
-Degrades cellular proteins that don’t fold properly in cytoplasm and ER

32
Q

How do proteasomes know which proteins to degrade?

A

They are tagged by a small protein called ubiquitin

33
Q

Where does biogenesis and folding of proteins occur (mostly)?

A

Cytoplasm, ER lumen

34
Q

What are the steps of ubiquitination

A
  1. ATP dependent conjugation of Ub and Ub activating enzyme (E1)
  2. Activated Ub transferred to Ub conjugating enzyme (E2)
  3. Ub transferred from E2 to target via Ub protein ligase (E3)
35
Q

Lysosomes: structural features

A

-Membrane-bound spheres
-Filled with hydrolases

36
Q

Lysosomes: function

A

-Digestion of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids
via endocytosis, autophagy, and phagocytosis
-Contents are delivered in endosomes

37
Q

Lysosomes: system

A

Endocytic

38
Q

Is ubiquitination required for proteins to be internalized from the cell surface?

A

No, but it can be used

39
Q

Peroxisomes: structural features

A

-Membrane bound spheres
-Contains enzymes involved in oxidation reactions

40
Q

Peroxisomes: functions

A

-Oxidative metabolism
-Breakdown of fatty acids –> acetyl CoA
-Conversion of free radicals –> peroxide
-Conversion of peroxide –> water

41
Q

Mitochondria: structure

A

-Double membrane
-Folds called cristae
-Have their own genome!

42
Q

Mitochondria: function

A

-Powerhouse of the cell
-Provides ATP via oxidative metabolism

Block II (28 decks)

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