Mitochondria and Energy Production

Question 1

What do mitochondria do?

Answer 1

Organelle that harnesses energy from chemical compounds and turns it into ATP(energy currency).

Question 2

How do mitochondria synthesize ATP?

Answer 2

Electrochemical gradient is generated across folded interior membrane, and this energy in the gradient is used to synthesize ATP by the cell

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 3

What do chloroplasts do?

Answer 3

Capture sunlight energy to synthesize sugars through photosynthesis

Question 4

What is the thylakoid?

Answer 4

It is a third membrane in the chloroplast that contains specialized light collecting molecules (namely chlorophyll).

Question 5

Cellular respiration:

Answer 5

• Converts carbohydrate and oxygen into ATP
• Involves series of catabolic reactions

Question 6

Photosynthesis

Answer 6

Converts carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and oxygen

Question 7

OMM (Outer Mitochondrial Membrane)

Answer 7

• Contains enzymes with diverse metabolic functions
  ex. monoamine oxidases break down monoamines
  porins that are large permeable channels when opened

Question 8

IMM (Inner Mitochondrial Membrane)

Answer 8

• Contains cristae– machinery for aerobic respiration & ATP
• Rich in cardiolipin (phospholipid) which is needed for optimal enzyme function

Question 9

Whats cristae

Answer 9

Double layered membrane folds within mitochondria

Question 10

What are the two aqueous compartments in mitochondria?

Answer 10

1) Intermembrane space
2) Matrix – space that contains mitochondrial ribosomes and DNA

Question 11

Coenzymes acting as electron carriers can exist as either…

Answer 11

Oxidized or reduced

Question 12

Oxidative phosphorylation steps [2]:

Answer 12

1) Electrons are donated by NADH and FADH (complex I and II respectively)
Electrons move through a chain of complexes and as they move energy is released
This energy is used to pump protons from matrix to intermembrane
Oxygen accepts electrons
2) Chemiosmosis (ATP synthesis)
Protons flow back to matrix through complex called ATP synthase
This spins the synthase driving ADP + Pi = ATP

Question 13

Glycogenolysis process

Answer 13

glycogen phosphorylase breaks glucose-1-phosphate off of gycogen tree. Then another enzyme turns that into glucose–6–phosphate and now liver turns that into glucose

Question 14

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 14

Organelles with two membranes like mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be free living prokaryotes