Chloroplasts, Apoptosis, Endomembranes

Question 1

Two parts of photosynthesis:

Answer 1

Light dependent and light-independent reactions

Question 2

Light dependent reactions…

Answer 2

• Occur in thylakoid membrane
• Converting sun and water into oxygen, e- and H+
• H+ is pumped into thylakoid lumen

Question 3

Light independent reactions…

Answer 3

• Occur in stroma of chloroplasts
• ATP and NADPH made in light reactions used to make CH2O

Question 4

What is apoptosis

Answer 4

• Programmed death
• Death of cells in coordinated sequence of events

Question 5

How is apoptosis characterized[5]:

Answer 5

1) Shrinkage
2) Blebbing
3) Fragmentation
4) Loss of attachment
5) Engulfment by phagocytosis

Question 6

Function of cytosol:

Answer 6

• Protein synthesis
• metabolic pathways

Question 7

Function of Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

• synthesis of lipids
• synthesis of proteins

Question 8

Funtion of golgi apparatus

Answer 8

• Protein modification
• Packaging of proteins and lipids

Question 9

Function of lysosomes

Answer 9

Degradation of cellular material

Question 10

Function of endosomes

Answer 10

Sorting and recycling

Question 11

Vesicular transport:

Answer 11

• Transport of materials between compartments
• Utilizes transport vesicles
• Targeted movement

Question 12

Key elements of vesicular transport [4]:

Answer 12

1) movement
2) tethering
3) docking
4) fusion

Question 13

Whats a chemiosmotic mechanism

Answer 13

Chemiosmotic mechanisms involve the generation of a proton gradient across a membrane and its subsequent use to drive ATP synthesis

Question 14

Explain how chemiosmotic mechanisms are used in
mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Answer 14

Generates a proton gradient used to generate ATP in the mitochondria or chloroplasts

Question 15

How can GFP be used to track the movement of membrane proteins?

Answer 15

GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) can be genetically fused to a membrane protein of interest. When the GFP-tagged protein is expressed in cells, it fluoresces under specific wavelengths of light.

Question 16

What are the major morphological differences between RER and SER?

Answer 16

The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a “rough” appearance.

The Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) lacks ribosomes, giving it a smooth appearance.

Question 17

Whats the functional difference between SER and RER

Answer 17

RER: Involved in protein synthesis and modification for secreted, membrane, and organelle proteins.
SER: Functions in lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and toxins, and calcium ion storage.

Question 18

How are proteins selectively moved from one compartment to another?

Answer 18

Vesicular transport

Question 19

What does photophosphorylation do

Answer 19

Creates ATP and NADPH

Question 20

Caspases and proteases?

Answer 20

Activates proteins involved in dismantling the cell

Question 21

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 21

mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from ancestral bacteria