Mitochondria Flashcards

1
Q

What is the typical number of mitochondria per cell?

A

200 to 10,000 per cell yet can have thousands in fused muscle

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2
Q

How did mitochondria evolve

A

By endosymbiosis around 2 billion years ago

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3
Q

What are the main 4 pathways performed by mitochondria

A

Beta oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, urea cycle and Ketone body synthesis (from HMG-CoA as intermediate)

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4
Q

How many ATPs are produced from each intermediate in Oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH=2.5 ATPs, FADH2 = 1.5 ATPs

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5
Q

How are ROS produced in the mitochondria

A

Electrons will leak from Q10 and react with oxygen, SOD and glutathione peroxidase will remove ROS via H2O2 and then H2O

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6
Q

What drugs can cause a reduction in Q10

A

Statins

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7
Q

WHat happens to Mitochondria as you age

A

They become depleted

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8
Q

What are some common mitochondrial diseases and what histological function do we look for?

A

MELAS and NARP and we look for ragged red fibres

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9
Q

What transporter shuffle system can transport FFA into mitochondria

A

Carnitine using acetyltransferase I and II

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10
Q

Breifly describe the Urea cycle in mitochondria

A

NH3 is carried on glutamate, it eneters mitochondria and NH4+ is produced and this is then shuffled out nof mitochndria and converted to urea in the cytosol for excreteion by the kidneys. Diseases such as arginaemia can occur if any defects in these pathways.

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11
Q

What electron transporter donates to what complex

A

NADH to compelx I and FADH2 to complex II

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12
Q

What will produce ATP in the mitochondria

A

The H+ gradient that passes through the ATP synthase

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13
Q

What molecule causes mitochondrial uncoupling in brown fat

A

DNP for heat production

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14
Q

What is the Malate shuffling system

A

Is a system where NADH is transported into the mitochondria, uses a Malate/Alpha ketoglutarate transporter in and will use a glutamate/aspartate transporter out

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15
Q

How is pyruvate transported into the mitochondria

A

A OH/pyruvate antiport

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