Glucose Flashcards
What does the Disaccharide Sucrose comprise of?
Glucose and Fructose
Why is fructose bad for you
Will not induce the secretion of insulin or leptin and will instead increase the secretion of ghrellin. As well, will all be converted to glycerol and hence promotes fat production and storage
What does the Disaccharide Lactose comprise of?
Comprised Glucose and Galactose
What diseases can Galactose cause
Can cause galactoseamia, where enzymes deficient in the glactose pathway can lead to cerebral odema, jaundice, kidney and liver enlargement and cataracts
Energy yields of ATP and NADH
ATP = 30.5 kJ/mmol and NAHD = 220kJ/mmol`
Difference between a ketone and aldehyde and an example of each
Ketone has a C=O on its second carbon (fructose) whereas aldehyde will have a C=O on its first carbon (glucose)
Describe different GLUT family members
Total of 12 yet not to sure what each of them do, of the ones that have been determined GLUT1 - basal uptake GLUT2 - Pancreas and Liver GLUT 3 - Neurons GLUT 4 - muscles, heart and fat
Process of glycogenesis
Will include take up of glucose, G-6-P then G-1-P and then UDP-Glucose and then Glygogen stored around a core protein of glycogenin
Process of glycolysis
There is an energy dependent and a pay off phase, occurs in the cytoplasm and ends up with two pyruvate molecules, 2xNADH and 2 ATP molecules
Some enzymes in the glycolysis pathway
Hexokinase to convert glucose to G-6-P, phosphofructokinase is ATP low dependent
ATP productoin is caused by hydrolysis of
PEP and 1,3 BPG
Lactate production?
From anaerobic respiration and can be converted to pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase
First 1-8 seconds of energy in muscles
Creatine phosphate
Describe glucose
Is a 6 carbon molecule (aldehyde), all but the third OH is on the right. If the levels of glucose arn’t contained then will lead to glycosylation of proteins leading to dysfunction such as blood vessels damage and risk of thrombis and stroke. Level of glycosylation can be determined by Hb-A1C testing
What cells don’t have mitochondria
Retina cells and RBCs
