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STRUC+FUNC 1 (vet) > Mitochondria > Flashcards

Mitochondria Flashcards

1
Q

what membrane binds mitochondria?

A

double membrane

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2
Q

cristae?

A

invaginations formed by the innner membrane

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3
Q

intermembrane space?

A

space between membranes

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4
Q

inside of mitochondrion?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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5
Q

which organelle generates most of the energy of the cell?

A

the mitochondria

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6
Q

how is most nutrients delivered to the mitochondria?

A

most nutrients delivered to the cell are broken down in the cytoplasm to simple constituents which are transported to the mitochondria

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7
Q

when the constituents are further oxidised, what is produced?

A

carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy captured in the form of ATP

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8
Q

Where are mitochondria often located?

A

close to sites of high ATP utilisation

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9
Q

adenosine?

A

adenine AND the sugar

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10
Q

where is the energy released coming from?

A

by the hydrolysis of the phosphoanhydride bonds

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11
Q

ATP –>

A

ADP +Pi –> AMP + Pi

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12
Q

what is glucose converted to in glycolysis?

A

pyruvate (x2)

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13
Q

pyruvate is converted into what during the link reaction?

A

acetyl coA
(you decarboxylate - remove a C and then the 2 C’s left are converted to acetyl CoA

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14
Q

what are fatty acids?

A

they are a long chain of carbons and a carboxylic acid

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15
Q

What are fatty acids metabolised via?

A

Beta oxidation.

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16
Q

What happens during beta oxidation of fatty acids?

A

It removes two carbons at a time and these two carbons are converted to acetyl-CoA

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17
Q

Describe the amino acid metabolism

A

Removal of amino group
Remainder of amino acid is in the carbon skeleton and different amino acid carbon skeletons can enter at different points of the metabolic cycle

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18
Q

Describe what the removal of an amino group means for different animals:

A

Ammonia converted to urea [in mammals, amphibians and sharks ]
Ammonia converted to uric acid [in birds, reptiles and insects ]
Ammonia excreted directly [in most fish]

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19
Q

what cycle does acetyl CoA feed into?

A

the citric acid cycle

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20
Q

what is the citric acid cycle also known as?

A

the tricarboxylic acid cycle or the krebs cycle

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21
Q

stage 2 of respiration?

A

acetyl-coA oxidation

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22
Q

what are the end products of the krebs cycle?

A

NADH and FADH2

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23
Q

Describe the number of CO2 given off as waste during decarboxylation’s:

A

one per pyruvate in the link reaction
TWO per pyruvate in TCA cycle

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24
Q

stage 3 of respiration?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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25
Q

what are the roles of NADH and FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

they carry the electrons for the electron transport chain

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26
Q

what happens to ADP and O2 during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

converts ADP + Pi to ATP
O2 is reduced to H20

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27
Q

What happens to NADH during the electron transport chain?

A

NADH–>NAD+ + H+ + 2e-

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28
Q

what happens to FADH2 during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

FADH2 –> FAD + 2H+ + 2e-

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29
Q

outline the electron transport chain:

A

High energy electrons pass through complexes in the inner membrane each with a higher redox potential than the last i.e. a greater affinity for electrons

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30
Q

final electron acceptor?

A

oxygen

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31
Q

show equation representing oxygen as the final electron acceptor:

A

2H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e- –> H2O

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32
Q

Complex 1 of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NADH dehydrogenase

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33
Q

Complex 2 of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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34
Q

Complex 3 of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

cytochrome b-c1 complex

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35
Q

complex 4 of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

cytochrome oxidase

36
Q

other than the 4 complexes involved in the electron transport chain, what else is involved?

A

coenzyme Q (or ubiquinone)
AND cytochrome C

37
Q

where are mitochondria often located?

A

close to sites of high ATP utilisation

38
Q

how do fatty acids become acetyl coA?

A

Beta oxidation, in mitochondrial matrix

39
Q

why does the electron pass down through the complexes?

A

the transfer of electrons goes from a lower to higher affinity BECAUSE it is energetically favourable

40
Q

what is the energy released for?

A

used to pump H+ into the intermembrane space

41
Q

where is the electrochemical gradient generated?

A

across the inner mitochondrial membrane

42
Q

environment in inner mitochondrial membrane compared to matrix?

A

more acidic

43
Q

ATP synthase?

A

enzyme that utilises energy from the electrochemical gradient to regenerate ATP from ADP + Pi

44
Q

chemiosmosis?

A

hydrophilic pathway for H+ to flow down electrochemical gradient - it is energetically favourable

45
Q

what does the H+ cause?

A

causes rotation of the transmembranous rotor domain stalk (attached)

46
Q

how do we create energy from electron transport chain?

A

enzymatic head held still by an arm attached to the membrane
the mechanical energy as the stalk grinds against the head is converted to chemical energy

47
Q

describe the structure of the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

A

it contains large pores made of proteins called porins and is therefore permeable to molecules of <5 kDa

48
Q

how do oxygen and carbon dioxide move?

A

via simple diffusion

49
Q

control across the inner membrane?

A

more tightly controlled than outer

50
Q

electrochemical gradient used for?

A

to drive transport of other compounds

51
Q

describe transport of pyruvate and inorganic phosphate?

A

transport is driven by H+ gradient… they are co-transported in the same direction (symporter)

52
Q

describe the transport of ATP and ADP:

A

they are co-transported in opposite directions using the charge gradient - antiporter

53
Q

where are most of the proteins destined for the mitochondria encoded and by what?

A

encoded in the nucleus and produced by cytosolic ribosomes

54
Q

MTS?

A

mitochondria targeting sequence

55
Q

what mediates the passage into the mitochondria?

A

TOM and TIM membranes

56
Q

TOM and TIM membranes, what do these stand for?

A

Translocases of the Outer (TOM) and Inner Mitochondrial membranes (TIM)

57
Q

when does transport occur?

A

post-translational
it is energy requiring

58
Q

what do mitochondria possess?

A

their own genetic systems

59
Q

describe mitochondrial genomes:

A

they are circular, vary in size and number of genes encoded

60
Q

describe the size of human mitochondrial DNA:

A

it is approx. 16.5 kb and encodes 2 rRNA, 22 tRNAs and 13 peptides

61
Q

what can canine mtDNA be used for?

A

to determine breed origins and also in forensics

62
Q

where do transcription ans translation occur for mitochondria and what are these processes carried out by?

A

occur in the matrix and carried out by comp;exes unique to the organelle

63
Q

mitochondrial DNA inheritance?

A

maternally inherited

64
Q

how do mitochondria grow and divide?

A

by fission

65
Q

where did mitochondria originate from?

A

endosymbiosis

66
Q

what do mitochondria have of their own?

A

own fission, own genome, own translation and own transcription processes

67
Q

apoptosis?

A

release of cytochrome c (& other pro-apoptotic molecules) from the intermembrane space which triggers cells to undergo programmed cell death

68
Q

what store does mitochondria act as?

A

as a calcium store

69
Q

what do mitochondria regulate?

A

regulation of the cellular redox state

70
Q

how do mitochondria regulate the cellular redox state?

A

electron carriers produce reactive oxygen species
extensive network of antioxidant defences
imbalance between ROS production and removal - cellular damage disrupt functions and promote cancer

71
Q

ROS?

A

Reactive oxygen species

72
Q

Haeme synthesis - mitochondrial functions:

A

many enzymes and carrier molecules have a co-ordinated haeme group at their active site - this is synthesised in the mitochondria

73
Q

steroid synthesis - mitochondrial functions:

A

some steps of steroid synthesis occur in the mitochondria

74
Q

what cell specific functions occur in the mitochondria?

A

e.g. mitochondria in hepatocytes contain enzymes that detoxify ammonia

75
Q

4 exmples of the clinical relevance - mitochondrial toxicity?

A

TCA cycle inhibitors
Electron transport inhibitors
Uncoupling agents
Mitochondrial transporter inhibitors

76
Q

tca cycle?

A

tricarboxylic acid cycle

77
Q

give one example of a tca cycle inhibitor:

A

arsenite inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate to acetyl CoA)

78
Q

give a second example of a tca cycle inhibitor:

A

2-fluorocitrate irreversibly inhibits aconitase in the 2nd step (of 8) in the TCA cycle

79
Q

how can environmental toxins inhibit electron transport?

A

they can prevent the passing of electrons by binding to one or more of the proteins that carry electrons.

80
Q

give one example of electron transport inhibitors:

A

rotenone (an insecticide) binds to NADH dehydrogenase complex (complex I) of the electron transport chain

81
Q

give a second example of electron transport inhibitors:

A

cyanide ions bind tightly to the iron atom of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) and block electron transport

82
Q

give an example of uncoupling agents:

A

2,4-dinitrophenol (used in making dyes) is a low molecular weight organic compound which uncouples electron transport from ATP synthesis

83
Q

give an example of mitochondrial transporter inhibitors:

A

the transporter which brings ADP out of the mitochondria is inhibited by bongkrekic acid (an antibiotic from mould)

84
Q

explain how a lipid soluble weak acid acts as uncoupling agents - where is it found?

A

sits in the inner membrane and acts as a H+ carrier i.e. it dissipates the electrochemical gradient and therefore although electrons are transported, no gradient builds up and no ATP is synthesised.

85
Q

pH of intermembrane space?

A

pH 7

86
Q

pH of matrix?

A

8

87
Q
A

STRUC+FUNC 1 (vet) (24 decks)

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