Miscellaneous pleomorphic gram (-)

Question 1

Diagnosis of Non-typable H.influenza

Answer 1

Gram (-) Coccobacilli,
culture: chocolate agar , requires supplementation with (X-, V-factor)

Question 2

Infection route of Non-typable H.influenzae

Answer 2

Mucous membranes locally,
colonize upper respiratory tract thorugh respiratory droplets

Question 3

complications of Capsular Type b starins of H.influenzae

Answer 3

meningitis —> 20% hearing loss

Question 4

Clinical manifestations of Non- Typable Haemophilus influenzae

Answer 4

1) otitis media (Second cause after S.pneumonia)
2) COPD exacerbations
(lower resp tract),
3) CA-pneumonia,
4) sinusitis,
5) conjunctivitis,
6) bacteraemia (rare –> as non-Typable H.influenza colonizes the respiratory tract locally, it does not invade the bloodstream)

Question 5

Diagnosis of Haemophilus influenzae- Hib (capsular type b)

Answer 5

Gram (-) Coccobacilli, chocolate agar
growth (X-, V-factor), CSF gram stain & culture

Question 6

Transmission of Haemophilus influenzae-Hib (capsular type b)

Answer 6

respiratory droplets from mucosal membrane of the nasopharynx

Question 7

clinical Manifestations of Haemophilus influenzae-Hib (capsular type b)

Answer 7

1) Meningitis –> Hearing Loss
2) Epiglottitis (sore throat, fever, dyspnoea, dysphagia,
drooling, restless child, anxious, neck extension),
3) Pneumonia
4) Cellulitis on cheek or periorbital region

Question 8

Diagnosis of Morexella Catarrhalis

Answer 8

Gram (-) diplococci

Question 9

Infectious route of Moaxella Catarrhalis

Answer 9

*Strictly human pathogen
colonizes the oropharynx –> spreads to the repiratory tract and middle ear causing infection

Question 10

Clinical Manifestations of Moraxella Catarrhalis

Answer 10

1) Otitis media,
2) COPD exacerbations,
3) sinusitis

Question 11

Diagnosis of Legionella
pneumophila + media used

Answer 11

Pleomorphic, gram (-) rod- short coccobacilli, obligate
aerobes,
tests : silver stain, BYCE media (sputum culture), urine antigen test

Question 12

Pathogensis of Legionella
pneumophila

Answer 12

Inhaled Aerosols multiply in the Alveolar macrophages and epi. cells

Question 13

Clinical manifestations of Legionella
pneumophila

Answer 13

Legionnaire’s disease :
- pneumonia (2-10d incubation),
- fever, nonproductive cough, myalgia, headache,
diarrhoea, confusion

Question 14

Risk factors of Legionella Pneumophila

Answer 14

1) Male,
2) cigarette,
3) chronic heart, lung, kidney disease,
4) organ transplant,
5) cancer,
6) Age > 50 yrs
7) Tx: corticosteroids, antiTNF

Question 15

Transmission of Bordatekka pertussis

Answer 15

Highly contagious person-person.

Question 16

pathogensis of Bordatella
pertussis

Answer 16

*Exposure & attachment to respiratory
epithelium –> evasion of host defences –> local damage –> systemic manifestations

Question 17

VF of Bordatella
pertussis

Answer 17

1) PT- Pertussis toxin - ac as adhesion
2) TCT- tracheal cytotoxin ,destroys ciliated
epithelial cells

Question 18

Clinical Manifestations of Bordatella
pertussis

Answer 18

“Whooping cough”
1. catarrhal stage
(rhinorrhoea, sneezing, malaise, anorexia,
low-grade fever)
2. paroxysmal stage
(ciliated epithelial cells destroyed, mucus
clearance impaired, whooping cough paroxysms)
3. Convalescent stage:
(diminished paroxysms, secondary
complications (pneumonia, encephalopathy)

Question 19

Diagnosis of Gardnerella Vaginalis

Answer 19

Facultative anaerobe, lactobacilli (long gram (+ ) rods, gram (-) & gram variable rods & cocci)
- Gram stain is the golden standard to diagnose BV

Question 20

What clinical manifestations do you observe.
What causative agent is responsible for this?

Answer 20

1) orbital cellulitis
2) cheek cellulitis

CA: Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib)

Question 21

What do you observe ? What causative agent is responsible for this?

Answer 21

Chancroid, painful, well defined ulcer with ragged edges (ruptures very easily) —> this called a Linguinal lymphadenopathy

CA: Haemophilus ducreyi

Question 22

Clinical syndrome of Gardnerella vaginalis

Answer 22

Bacterial Vaginosis —> arises by local flora disruption & replacement of lactobacillus species