Miscellaneous Flashcards
What is hyperemia?
Increased blood flow
What is ischemia?
Damage to a cell
What is infarction?
Cell death
What are peroxisomes?
Organelles found in high concentrations in the liver that neutralize toxins such as alcohol.
What is apoptosis?
Normal death of cells that occurs naturally
What are the five mechanisms of heat release?
Convection Conduction Radiation Evaporation Respiration
What is a positive ion?
Cation
What is a negative ion?
Anion
What is an electrolyte?
Dissolved mineral salts that disassociate in solution
What is atrophy?
Decrease in cell size due to loss of subcellular components.
What is hypertrophy?
Increase in cell size
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in the number of cells, ex: callus
What is dysplasia?
Alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells
What is metaplasia?
Reversible cellular adaptation where one adult cell type is replaced by another.
What is the medium all body metabolism takes place in?
Water
What is a semi-permeable membrane?
Membrane that allows water to pass freely but restricts other substances based on differing factors
What is osmosis?
Flow of fluid from higher water (lower solute) concentrations to lower water (higher solute) concentrations
What is normal saline?
0.9% sodium
What is tonicity?
Osmotic gradient of two seperate solutions.
What is hypertonic?
Fluid with more solute concentration than base cell
What is hypotonic?
Fluid with less solute concentration than the base cell
What is crenation?
When so much water is removed from a cell through osmosis that it can no longer function and it dies
What is lysis?
When so much water is added to a cell through osmosis that it “explodes” and dies.
What is tonicity?
Tension exerted on a cell as a result of water movement across the cell membrane
What is orthostatic hypotension?
Fall in blood pressure when changes to erect position
What will you see on the monitor with hyperkalemia?
Peaked t wave
What are the first and second line drugs for hyperkalemia?
Sodium bicarbonate
Calcium gluconate
What is vitamin d necessary for?
Calcium absorption
Describe rickets.
Weak, noncalcified bones caused by lack of vitamin d.
What is an acid?
Any molecule that donates or releases a hydrogen ion into a solution
What is a base or alkali?
Any molecule that can absorb a hydrogen ion into a solution
What is normal pH range of the body?
7.35-7.45
What is the normal paCO2 range?
35-45
What is the normal bicarbonate range?
24-26 mEq/L
What are the three primary buffer systems in order of speed?
Circulating bicarbonate
Respiratory
Renal
