Miscellaneous

Question 1

What is hyperemia?

Answer 1

Increased blood flow

Question 2

What is ischemia?

Answer 2

Damage to a cell

Question 3

What is infarction?

Answer 3

Cell death

Question 4

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 4

Organelles found in high concentrations in the liver that neutralize toxins such as alcohol.

Question 5

What is apoptosis?

Answer 5

Normal death of cells that occurs naturally

Question 6

What are the five mechanisms of heat release?

Answer 6

Convection
Conduction
Radiation
Evaporation
Respiration

Question 7

What is a positive ion?

Answer 7

Cation

Question 8

What is a negative ion?

Answer 8

Anion

Question 9

What is an electrolyte?

Answer 9

Dissolved mineral salts that disassociate in solution

Question 10

What is atrophy?

Answer 10

Decrease in cell size due to loss of subcellular components.

Question 11

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 11

Increase in cell size

Question 12

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 12

Increase in the number of cells, ex: callus

Question 13

What is dysplasia?

Answer 13

Alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells

Question 14

What is metaplasia?

Answer 14

Reversible cellular adaptation where one adult cell type is replaced by another.

Question 15

What is the medium all body metabolism takes place in?

Answer 15

Water

Question 16

What is a semi-permeable membrane?

Answer 16

Membrane that allows water to pass freely but restricts other substances based on differing factors

Question 17

What is osmosis?

Answer 17

Flow of fluid from higher water (lower solute) concentrations to lower water (higher solute) concentrations

Question 18

What is normal saline?

Answer 18

0.9% sodium

Question 19

What is tonicity?

Answer 19

Osmotic gradient of two seperate solutions.

Question 20

What is hypertonic?

Answer 20

Fluid with more solute concentration than base cell

Question 21

What is hypotonic?

Answer 21

Fluid with less solute concentration than the base cell

Question 22

What is crenation?

Answer 22

When so much water is removed from a cell through osmosis that it can no longer function and it dies

Question 23

What is lysis?

Answer 23

When so much water is added to a cell through osmosis that it “explodes” and dies.

Question 24

What is tonicity?

Answer 24

Tension exerted on a cell as a result of water movement across the cell membrane

Question 25

What is orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 25

Fall in blood pressure when changes to erect position

Question 26

What will you see on the monitor with hyperkalemia?

Answer 26

Peaked t wave

Question 27

What are the first and second line drugs for hyperkalemia?

Answer 27

Sodium bicarbonate

Calcium gluconate

Question 28

What is vitamin d necessary for?

Answer 28

Calcium absorption

Question 29

Describe rickets.

Answer 29

Weak, noncalcified bones caused by lack of vitamin d.

Question 30

What is an acid?

Answer 30

Any molecule that donates or releases a hydrogen ion into a solution

Question 31

What is a base or alkali?

Answer 31

Any molecule that can absorb a hydrogen ion into a solution

Question 32

What is normal pH range of the body?

Answer 32

7.35-7.45

Question 33

What is the normal paCO2 range?

Answer 33

35-45

Question 34

What is the normal bicarbonate range?

Answer 34

24-26 mEq/L

Question 35

What are the three primary buffer systems in order of speed?

Answer 35

Circulating bicarbonate
Respiratory
Renal