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1 Foundations of Disease and Therapy > MIP A56: Medical Mycology > Flashcards

MIP A56: Medical Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

What is sick building syndrome?

A

Presents with fatigue, headache, and difficulty concentrating associated with living/ working in mouldy environments

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2
Q

True or False: Any fungus that can grow at 37 C is a potential pathogen in a immunosuppressed host

A

True

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3
Q

What are the different groups of fungi based on type of interaction with the host?

A

Primary (true) pathogens (can cause desease in immunocompetant persons); Opportunistic pathogens (restricted to debilitated or immunosuppressed persons); Commensal (normally benign but can become oppurtunits); Saprobes (limited/ negligible disease causing ability)

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4
Q

What are the two general courses a fungal infection can take?

A

1) Slowly progressive chronic infections in immunocompetant patients 2) Life-threatening acute infections in compromised patients

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5
Q

What are the two major ways we come into contact with fungi?

A

Environmental (incidental); or from our normal Flora

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6
Q

What are the routes of fungal entry into the human body?

A

Inhalation, Skin and mucosal surfaces, penetration of the skin,

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7
Q

True or False: There is no TLR that has affinity for fungal cell wall components.

A

False- TLRs play an important role in the innate microbial recognition of fungi

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8
Q

Expression of what class of molecules allows fungi to bind to host/cells and tissue?

A

Adhesins

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9
Q

What are the ways by which fungi can interfere with PAMP-PRR?

A

Shielding immunostim. PAMPs by the cell wall; MOdulate inflammatory signals; different morphotypes

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10
Q

Besides interfering with the PAMP-PRR system, what are the other ways that fungi evade host recognition?

A

Persiting in the intracellular environment, Interference with phagocytosis, complement evasions

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11
Q

How do fungi cause damage to the host?

A

Secretion of damaging enzymes (phospholipases, catalases, keratinases), induction of cytokines–> inflammation; moulds secrete mycotoxins (aflatoxin)

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12
Q

What fungal virulence factors are more common in eukaryotic pathogens but not prokaryotes?

A

Ability to switch cell type, morphological forms (dimorphism), and cell wall barriers

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13
Q

What fungal virulent attributes allow for invasion/evasion and survival?

A

Thermotolerance, acquisition of nutrients, adaptation to stress (differential gene expression)

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14
Q

What are superficial mycoses?

A

Superficial, cosmetic infections of the skin (stratum corneum) or hair shaft

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15
Q

What is the most common superficial mycosis in the US?

A

Tinea (pityriasis) versicolor (Liver spots) caused by Malassezia spp.

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16
Q

What are the causative organisms that cause cutaneous mycoses?

A

Dermatophytes and Candida

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17
Q

What are the common cutaneous mycoses?

A

Athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch

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18
Q

What is the name of the category of diseases caused by a fungus?

A

Mycoses

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19
Q

True or False: Fungal cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

A

False

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20
Q

Why has the incidence of fungal infections increased?

A

Increased immunocompromised and elderly population and modern medical techniques

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21
Q

What characteristic separates fungal cells from animal cells?

A

Fungal cells are non motile

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22
Q

What characteristic separates fungal cells from plant cells?

A

Fungi are heterophlic

23
Q

What is chitin?

A

A structural polymer of N-acetylglucosamine that is part of fungal cell walls

24
Q

What are the two growth forms fungi can take?

A

Yeast or mold

25
Q

What is the difference between dimorphic and polymorphic fungi?

A

Dimorphic fungi grow as mold or yeasts during specific stages of their life cycles, while polymorphic fungi have multiple growth forms but they do not correlate to a distinct stage of the life cycle

26
Q

How do yeast forms of fungi reproduce?

A

Asexual budding or fission

27
Q

What are hyphae?

A

Filamentous, cylindrical cells of mold fungi (one cell=hypha)

28
Q

What is a mycelium?

A

A mass of hyphae

29
Q

What is the morphologic appearance of aspergillus fumigatus hyphae?

A

The hyphae branch at 45 degree angles

30
Q

What is sporulation?

A

Propagation of fungi through formation of propagules that disperse in water or air

31
Q

What is conidiogenesis?

A

The method of sporulation

32
Q

True or False: Fungal spores can be either sexual or asexual

A

True

33
Q

What does calcofluor stain?

A

Chitin

34
Q

What are mycotoxicoses?

A

Poisoning by food products contaminated by toxins which were produced from the grain substrate by fungi

35
Q

What is mycetismus?

A

The ingestion of preformed toxin (neurotoxins) (mushroom poisoning)

36
Q

What is typically the route of infection for subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Traumatic implantation of environmental fungi, normally in the lower extremities

37
Q

What is the most frequent subcutaneous fungal infection worldwide?

A

Sporotrichosis (sporothrixi schenckii)

38
Q

What is the morphology of sporotrichosis?

A

Mold in the environment but yeast at 37 C ; cigar shaped yeast

39
Q

How is chronic mycotic infection of cutaneous or subcutaneous tissues and adjacent lymphatics characterized?

A

Granulamatous skin ulcer followed by regional lymphadenopathy

40
Q

Where does extracutaneous sporotrichosis manifest?

A

In joints

41
Q

What is black mold?

A

Over 100 species of evironmental mold with melanin pigmint in the cell walls

42
Q

What is chromoblastomycosis?

A

Cutaneous and subcutaneous mycosis with chronic granulomas especially feet and legs caused by black molds

43
Q

What are the three clinical presentations of phaeohyphomycosis?

A

Cutaneous-subcutaneous cyst; Cerebral abscess & other deep seated sites; Fungal sinusitis- allergic

44
Q

What is penicilliosis and what is its clinical presentation?

A

A dimorphic fungal AIDS opportunistic infection that presents with pulmonary symptoms is most AIDS pts and skin dissemination of molluscum-like lesions

45
Q

What is the most common fungal agent for life threatening infections? Which species is most common in almost all disease manifestations?

A

Candidiasis; albicans

46
Q

What is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen?

A

Candida

47
Q

What is candida’s morphology?

A

Polymorphic: yeast, pseudohyphae, and true hyphae

48
Q

How is Candidiasis likely to manifest in a patient with a CD4+ T cell defect?

A

Oral candidiasis (thrush)

49
Q

How is Candidiasis likely to manifest in a patient with neutropenia?

A

Systemic candidiasis

50
Q

What does thrush look like?

A

Creamy, white curd-like plaques on oral mucosal surfaces

51
Q

What is mucormycosis?

A

Fungal infection of the sinuses, brain, or lungs primarily associated with immunosuppressed patients

52
Q

Why is mucomycosis potentially fatal?

A

The hyphae can colonize vessels leading to the formation of blood clots

53
Q

What is the most common fungi isolated from contact lens cases?

A

Fusarium keratitis

1 Foundations of Disease and Therapy (30 decks)

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