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U6 MCP > Minerals - RM > Flashcards

Minerals - RM Flashcards

1
Q

What is B9? Is it hematopoietic or energy releasing?

A

folate, hematopoietic

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2
Q

What is folate the precursor of? What reactions is it needed for?

A

THF (tetrahydrofolate), needed to create precursors for DNA and protein synthesis

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3
Q

What does folate deficiency cause?

A

Neural tube defects, macrocytic anemia, hyperhomocysteinuria

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4
Q

What is folate metabolism interdependent on?

A

cobalamin metabolism

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5
Q

Why does folate deficiency cause anemia and present in pregnancy?

A

affects DNA synthesis and RBCs have rapid turnover, and fetus developing needs great amount of DNA synthesis

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6
Q

What is B12?

A

cobalamin

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7
Q

What is B12 a coenzyme in? What conversion does it catalyze?

A

coenzyme in methionine synthesis (from homocysteine), conversion of methylmalonylcoA to succinylcoA

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8
Q

Why is cobalamin needed in folate metabolism?

A

uses N5 methyl THF in homocysteine to methionine conversion and regenerates THF

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9
Q

What does cobalamin deficiency cause?

A

pernicious anemia (macrocytic), demyelination

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10
Q

What symptoms distinguish cobalamin deficiency from folate deficiency?

A

neurological symptoms

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11
Q

Why do elderly have cobalamin deficiency?

A

decreased intrinsic factor secretion

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12
Q

What is different about vit B12 than other water soluble vitamins?

A

it gets stored effectively in the liver

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13
Q

What is megaloblastic anemia?

A

larger RBCs due to deficiency in nucleotides from decreased DNA synthesis (cell size increases without dividing)

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14
Q

How are minerals classified as macrominerals vs. microminerals?

A

macrominerals >100-200 mg/day needed

microminerals <100 mg/day needed

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15
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A

component of bone, signaling, localization of clot in coagulation, muscle contraction

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16
Q

What vitamin is calcium coregulated with? How?

A

vitamin D, needed for calcium absorption

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17
Q

What is the major reservoir of calcium in the body? How does it respond when there is low Ca?

A

bone, with low Ca, bone will mobilize Ca (resorption)

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18
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

porous bone caused by bone resorption due to calcium deficiency

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19
Q

What is magnesium essential for?

A

enzymes using MgATP as substrate (ATP synthase, Na/K ATPase, SERCA pump)

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20
Q

Where does Mg deficiency cause?

A

weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia

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21
Q

What is the function of phosphorus?

A

major component of bone, constituent of nucleic acids and phospholipids, needed in all energy producing reactions

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22
Q

What does phosphorus deficiency cause? Is it common or rare?

A

very rare- rickets, muscle weakness/breakdown, seizures

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23
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in Hb, oxidative phosphorylation (FeS center), cofactor in nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes

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24
Q

What does iron deficiency cause?

A

microcytic anemia

decreased immunity

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25
Q

What causes decreased immunity in iron deficiency?

A

lack of myeloperoxidase in macrophages

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26
Q

Who is susceptible for iron deficiency?

A

pregnant women, menstruating women (ongoing blood loss)

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27
Q

What are the two barriers to iron absorption?

A
  1. release of Fe3+ from food–needs to be released by low pH in stomach
  2. Fe3+ needs to be reduced to Fe2+–vitamin C or other reducing agents must be available
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28
Q

What is hepcidin?

A

signals iron sufficiency and prevents export of Fe2+ from mucosal cell by downregulating exporter

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29
Q

Why are cells smaller in iron deficient anemia?

A

RBCs undergo more cell divisions in bone marrow waiting for Hb synthesis to occur (that won’t because doesn’t have Fe center for heme)

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30
Q

Why is iron toxic?

A
  • when improperly localized or bound, it can catalyze production of reactive oxygen species
  • transition metals can repalce one another at enzymes active site
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31
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

iron overload leads to iron deposit in tissues, compromises liver, pancreatic, cardiac and mitochondrial function, leading to lactic acidosis

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32
Q

What is an acute cause of iron overdose?

A

consumption of adult iron supplements

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33
Q

How does copper assist in iron absorption?

A

through ceruloplasmin which oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ to help it bind transferrin for distribution

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34
Q

What reactions is copper a cofactor for?

A

collagen synthesis, FA metabolism, elimination of reactive oxygen species

35
Q

What does copper deficiency cause?

A

anemia-from link to Fe metabolism
hypercholesterolemia-from loss of Cu enzyme desaturase
fragility of large arteries, bone mineralization- from loss of lysyl oxidase
demyelination

36
Q

What is Menke’s syndrome?

A

genetic disease, mutation in Cu transporter ATP7A, needed to take up Cu into golgi to supply Cu to enzymes
(if Cu missing, secretes apoenzymes instead of active ones)

37
Q

What deficiency can excessive Zn consumption cause?

A

copper deficiency, due to metals competing for same transporter in initial uptake and substitution at active site

38
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

mutation in ATP7B resulting in Cu overload, if not sequestered properly, builds up in liver resulting in liver failure and cancer, as well as NS symptoms

39
Q

What does zinc deficiency first present as?

A

scaly dermatitis

40
Q

What is chromium a component of? What does it do?

A

chromodulin, facilitates insulin binding to receptors

41
Q

What does chromium deficiency cause?

A

impaired glucose tolerance from reduced insulin effectiveness

42
Q

What is the function of iodine?

A

incorporated into T3 and T4, regulates BMR

43
Q

How are minerals classified as macrominerals vs. microminerals?

A

macrominerals >100-200 mg/day needed

microminerals <100 mg/day needed

44
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A

component of bone, signaling, localization of clot in coagulation, muscle contraction

45
Q

What vitamin is calcium coregulated with? How?

A

vitamin D, needed for calcium absorption

46
Q

What is the major reservoir of calcium in the body? How does it respond when there is low Ca?

A

bone, with low Ca, bone will mobilize Ca (resorption)

47
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

porous bone caused by bone resorption due to calcium deficiency

48
Q

What is magnesium essential for?

A

enzymes using MgATP as substrate (ATP synthase, Na/K ATPase, SERCA pump)

49
Q

Where does Mg deficiency cause?

A

weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia

50
Q

What is the function of phosphorus?

A

major component of bone, constituent of nucleic acids and phospholipids, needed in all energy producing reactions

51
Q

What does phosphorus deficiency cause? Is it common or rare?

A

very rare- rickets, muscle weakness/breakdown, seizures

52
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in Hb, oxidative phosphorylation (FeS center), cofactor in nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes

53
Q

What does iron deficiency cause?

A

microcytic anemia

decreased immunity

54
Q

What causes decreased immunity in iron deficiency?

A

lack of myeloperoxidase in macrophages

55
Q

Who is susceptible for iron deficiency?

A

pregnant women, menstruating women (ongoing blood loss)

56
Q

What are the two barriers to iron absorption?

A
  1. release of Fe3+ from food–needs to be released by low pH in stomach
  2. Fe3+ needs to be reduced to Fe2+–vitamin C or other reducing agents must be available
57
Q

What is hepcidin?

A

signals iron sufficiency and prevents export of Fe2+ from mucosal cell by downregulating exporter

58
Q

Why are cells smaller in iron deficient anemia?

A

RBCs undergo more cell divisions in bone marrow waiting for Hb synthesis to occur (that won’t because doesn’t have Fe center for heme)

59
Q

Why is iron toxic?

A
  • when improperly localized or bound, it can catalyze production of reactive oxygen species
  • transition metals can repalce one another at enzymes active site
60
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

iron overload leads to iron deposit in tissues, compromises liver, pancreatic, cardiac and mitochondrial function, leading to lactic acidosis

61
Q

What is an acute cause of iron overdose?

A

consumption of adult iron supplements

62
Q

How does copper assist in iron absorption?

A

through ceruloplasmin which oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ to help it bind transferrin for distribution

63
Q

What reactions is copper a cofactor for?

A

collagen synthesis, FA metabolism, elimination of reactive oxygen species

64
Q

What does copper deficiency cause?

A

anemia-from link to Fe metabolism
hypercholesterolemia-from loss of Cu enzyme desaturase
fragility of large arteries, bone mineralization- from loss of lysyl oxidase
demyelination

65
Q

What is Menke’s syndrome?

A

genetic disease, mutation in Cu transporter ATP7A, needed to take up Cu into golgi to supply Cu to enzymes
(if Cu missing, secretes apoenzymes instead of active ones)

66
Q

What deficiency can excessive Zn consumption cause?

A

copper deficiency, due to metals competing for same transporter in initial uptake and substitution at active site

67
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

mutation in ATP7B resulting in Cu overload, if not sequestered properly, builds up in liver resulting in liver failure and cancer, as well as NS symptoms

68
Q

What does zinc deficiency first present as?

A

scaly dermatitis

69
Q

What is chromium a component of? What does it do?

A

chromodulin, facilitates insulin binding to receptors

70
Q

What does chromium deficiency cause?

A

impaired glucose tolerance from reduced insulin effectiveness

71
Q

What is the function of iodine?

A

incorporated into T3 and T4

72
Q

What does iodine deficiency cause?

A

goiter-enlarged thyroid gland due to increased TSH because of low TH (TSH stimulates thyroid growth)

73
Q

What is selenium a component of?

A

antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase), deiodinase enzymes in T3 and T4 metabolism

74
Q

What is Keshan disease a deficiency of? What does it cause?

A

selenium, cardiomyopathy and cretinism

75
Q

What 3 enzymes involve manganese?

A

arginase, pyruvate carboxylase, superoxide dismutase

76
Q

What enzyme involves molybdenum?

A

xanthine oxidase

77
Q

What is fluoride important for?

A

incorporated into bone and teeth, strengthens them

78
Q

What is boron involved in?

A

bone formation

79
Q

What are the common deficiencies in children?

A

Fe, Ca

80
Q

What are the common deficiencies in teens?

A

Ca, Mg, possibly vit A, C, B6

81
Q

What are common deficiencies in women?

A

Ca, Fe, Mg, vit B6, folate

82
Q

What are common deficiencies in elderly?

A

Vit B6, B12, vit D, Zn, chromium

83
Q

What are common deficiencies in alcoholics?

A

many, especially folate, B6 and thiamine

U6 MCP (26 decks)

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