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Geology > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are rocks made out of?

A

aggradations of minerals

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2
Q

What is a mineral?

A

naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite chemical composition and a regular crystal structure.

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3
Q

What are minerals formed from?

A

Compounds

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4
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

Atoms gain or lose outermost electron to form ions

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5
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Atoms share electrons to achieve electrical neutrality.

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6
Q

Which is stronger ionic bond or covalent bond?

A

covalent bond

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7
Q

What is a polymorph?

A

Minerals with the same composition but different crystalline structures.

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8
Q

What is crystal lattice?

A

Ordered atoms in crystal for a 3d lattice. A pattern that repeats in 3 dimensions.

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9
Q

What are the 5 ways that crystals grow?

A

Solidification from molten rock.
Precipitation from solution.
Chemical reaction high p and T.
Biomineralization(Oysters)
Solid-state diffusion

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10
Q

What is crystal face influence by?

A

The surroundings

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11
Q

In what direction do crystals grow?

A

They grow outward to fill all available space.

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12
Q

What interrupts crystal growth?

A

Competition for space
Rapid loss of heat

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13
Q

What is a geode?

A

Crystal formation in an open cavity in rocks. no space restriction = nice crystal face

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14
Q

What 3 ways can minerals be destroyed?

A

Melting
Dissolving
Chemical reaction

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15
Q

How does melting destroy a mineral?

A

heat breaks the bonds holding the atoms together.

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16
Q

How does dissolving destroy a mineral?

A

A solvent (usually water) breaks the atomic bond.

17
Q

How does a chemical reaction destroy a mineral?

A

Reactive materials break bonds,

18
Q

What is an Independent tetrahedron?

A

Tetrahedra share no oxygen- they are linked by cations.
Olivine

19
Q

What does more shared oxygen govern?

A

Melting temperature
Mineral structure and cations present
susceptible to weathering

20
Q

What are single-chain silicates?

A

Share one unique oxygen between tetrahedra.
pyroxene

21
Q

What are double-chain silicates?

A

A double chain of silica tetrahedra bonded together.

22
Q

What is sheet silicate?

A

Two dimensional sheets of linked tetrahedra.

23
Q

What is a framework silicate?

A

All four oxygens in silica tetrahedra are shared.

24
Q

What is Bowen Reaction Series?

A

Silicate minerals solidify in a specific order as igneous magma cools to a rock.

25
Q

What are Carbonate Minerals?

A

Composed of positively charged ions joined with carbonate.

Geology (9 decks)

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