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Geology > Igneous Rocks > Flashcards

Igneous Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

What are igneous rocks?

A

Rocks are formed by the solidification of cooled magma, with or without crystallization, either below the surface or on the surface of the Earth.

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2
Q

What is the difference between magma and lava?

A

Magma is below the surface and lava is above the surface.

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3
Q

What are intrusive rocks?

A

Rocks that formed bellow the earth’s surface.
Granite

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4
Q

What are extrusive rocks?

A

Rocks are formed at the earth’s surface.
Basalt

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5
Q

What is classification based on?

A

Texture and composition

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6
Q

What three components are in magma?

A

Solid, liquid, and gas

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7
Q

What is the solid in magma?

A

Solidified mineral crystals

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8
Q

What is the liquid part of magma?

A

Molten rock

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9
Q

What is the gas part of magma?

A

Volatiles are dissolved in gases in the melt.

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10
Q

What are the three ways to form magma?

A

Change the pressure
Change the ingredients
Turn up the temperature

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11
Q

How does changing the pressure form magma?

A

Pressure release melting

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12
Q

How does changing in the ingredients form magma?

A

add volatiles

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13
Q

How does changing the temperature from magma?

A

Heat transfer

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14
Q

What plate boundary would we find compressional melting?

A

Divergent settings

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15
Q

Where does the addition of volatiles happen?

A

Subduction zones or convergent plate boundaries.

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16
Q

What are the factors that affect crystal sizing?

A

Cooling time
Percentage of Silica
Dissolved gases

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17
Q

What is cooling rate affected by?

A

depth, shape, and size of the igneous formation. (shape of the magma)

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18
Q

What is phaneritic texture?

A

Magma has cooled slowly, and larger crystals have formed (can see individual crystals) Intrusive

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19
Q

What is aphanitic texture?

A

Magma cooled quickly, so small crystals formed (sugary texture, can’t see individual crystals).Extrusive

20
Q

What is texture?

A

The size and arrangement of mineral grains.

21
Q

What is porphyritic texture?

A

Two distinct crystal sizes.

22
Q

What is pegmatitic texture?

A

Mineral grains are exceptionally large. The exception to the cooling rate trend; is usually due to dissolved water in the magma. This changes the cooling rates and allows larger crystals to form.

23
Q

What is pyroclastic texture?

A

Pre-existing rocks that were shattered by an eruption.

24
Q

What does pyroclastic mean?

A

broad category to describe material explosively ejected from volcanic vents.

25
Q

What is a tuff?

A

consolidated and cemented volcanic ash.

26
Q

What is breccia?

A

broken, angular fragments in a fine-grained matrix.

27
Q

What is pumice?

A

Texture formed from ‘frothy’ lava.

28
Q

What is glassy texture?

A

When molten rock quenches due to contact with water, it forms volcanic glass, with no crystals formed.

29
Q

What does magma composition control?

A

density, time, and velocity.

30
Q

What is silica-rich magma like?

A

Thick and viscous

31
Q

What is silica-poor magma like?

A

Thin and ‘runny’

32
Q

What does a low viscosity volcanic eruption look like?

A

Passive eruption

33
Q

What does high viscosity volcanic eruption look like?

A

Explosive eruption

34
Q

Why are their different magma compositions?

A

1.)Different starting rocks
2.)Different ingredients

35
Q

What do mantel rocks produce?

A

Ultra mafic and mafic magmas

36
Q

What does mantel rock produce?

A

Ultra-mafic and mafic magmas

37
Q

What does crustal rock produce?

A

Mafic and intermediate, and felsic magmas

38
Q

How can you produce different magmas from the same source?

A

1.) Assimilation
2.)Magma mixing
3.)Partial melting
4.)Fractional crystallization

39
Q

What is assimilation of magma?

A

Magma melts the country rock it passes through and blocks the country rock fall into the magma.

40
Q

What is magma mixing?

A

Different magmas may blend in a magma chamber.

41
Q

What is partial melting?

A

The silica-rich minerals melt first causing the magma to be silica-rich even if it didn’t start out that way.

42
Q

What is fractional crystallization?

A

As the magma cools, early crystals settle by gravity. Mafic minerals are removed making the magma more felsic.

43
Q

What is a magma chamber?

A

The open cavity or area of highly fractured rock in the upper crust contains large counties of magma.

44
Q

What is a dike?

A

Near vertical intrusion of igneous rocks

45
Q

What is a sill?

A

Near horizontal intrusion of igneous rock.

Geology (9 decks)

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