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Genetics and biochemistry 2 > Milk 2 > Flashcards

Milk 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What stabilizes the fat globules in milk?

A

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM)

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2
Q

What are the main components of the MFGM?

A

Protein and phospholipids

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3
Q

How does the size of milk fat globules affect milk properties?

A

Stability
Viscosity
Colour
Whipping

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4
Q

Where is lactase produced?

A

Small intestine

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5
Q

How does lactase activity change after weaning?

A

Declines

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6
Q

Properties of casein

A

80% of milk protein
Contains micelles
Makes milk white
Acid precipitable

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7
Q

Properties of whey

A

20% of milk protein
Acid soluble

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8
Q

Protein content of milk

A

3.5%

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of genotypic variation?

A

Additive and non-additive

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10
Q

What is the equation for quantitative traits?

A

Phenotype = Genotype + Environment

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11
Q

1st step of genetic variation of cows

A

IVF embryos are planted in a cow and foetuses are collected

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12
Q

2nd step in genetic variations of cows

A

Fibroblast cell lines are either frozen or selected

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13
Q

3rd step of genetic variation of cows

A

Fibroblasts are combined with embryos in cow for better genetics

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14
Q

What is the name for the 3rd step in genetic variation?

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

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15
Q

What is conventional breeding?

A

Breeding 2 cows for the desired traits

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16
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Removing a desired gene and transferring it to a desired genome

17
Q

What is genome editing?

A

Susceptible gene is edited for a desired trait

18
Q

How can genomic tools help dairy production?

A

Increase disease resistance
Increase yield
Improve animal welfare

19
Q

What is galactosaemia?

A

Deficiency in lactase enzyme

20
Q

What gene mutations cause galactosaemia?

A

Mutations in GALT, GALK1 and GALE

21
Q

How is galactitol produced?

A

Build up of galactose and galactose 1-phosphate

22
Q

What causes cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA)?

A

Abnormal immunological response to cow milk proteins

23
Q

What are the allergens in milk?

A

Casein fragments and alpha and beta lactoglobulin

24
Q

How can CMPA be reduced?

A

Genetic polymorphism

25
Q

How can beta-lactoglobulin be removed?

A

Processing of milk or gene editing

Genetics and biochemistry 2 (7 decks)

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