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Genetics and biochemistry 2 > Milk 1 > Flashcards

Milk 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When does the mammary gland develop?

A

During foetal growth, periods, pregnancy and lactation

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2
Q

What is mammogenesis?

A

Initiation of milk synthesis and secretion during and after weaning

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3
Q

Where is lactose synthesized?

A

Lactating mammary gland

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4
Q

How is milk removed from the teat?

A

Alveoli are connected to duct system which flows milk to the teat canal where it is removed

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5
Q

What are the 5 major precursors of milk production?

A

Glucose
Acetate
Beta-hydroxybutyrate
Triglyceride fatty acids
Amino acids

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6
Q

Where are proteins, amino acids and fats synthesized and removed during lactogenesis?

A

Mammalian epithelia cells (MEC)

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7
Q

What does cow feed contain?

A

Cellulose

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8
Q

How do cows digest carbohydrates?

A

Reticulo-rumen produces enzymes which hydrolyse or ferment them into volatile fatty acids

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9
Q

What is the primary energy source for the mammary gland?

A

Glucose

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10
Q

What is the whole bodies energy source in ruminants?

A

Acetate

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11
Q

What is the whole bodies energy source in monogastric?

A

Glucose

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12
Q

What is the carbon source for lactose in ruminants and monogastric?

A

Glucose

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13
Q

What is the blood glucose source for ruminants?

A

Propionate

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14
Q

What is the main carbon source for fatty acids in ruminants?

A

Acetate and butyrate

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15
Q

What is the main carbon source for fatty acids in monogastric?

A

Glucose

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16
Q

What are the main sources of glucose for milk production?

A

Propionate, gluconeogenesis, lactate and glycerol

17
Q

1st step of glucose metabolism

A

Glucose becomes glucose 6-phosphate in blood

18
Q

2nd step of glucose metabolism

A

Glucose becomes trapped within blood cells

19
Q

3rd step to glucose metabolism

A

Excess glucose converted to glycogen

20
Q

4th step of glucose metabolism

A

Glycolysis converts pyruvate to acetyl-SCoA to enter citric acid cycle

21
Q

What are the fatty acids in milk fat?

A

Long chain fatty acids (LCFA) and linoleic acid

22
Q

What are the building blocks for milk fat?

A

Volatile fatty acids (VFA)

23
Q

What improves milk fat content?

A

Acetate

24
Q

What increases milk protein content?

A

Propionate

25
Q

What are the precursors of acetyl CoA?

A

VFAs

26
Q

1st step of carbohydrate metabolism

A

Acetate becomes acetyl CoA to enter TCA cycle

27
Q

2nd step of carbohydrate metabolism

A

Propionate becomes succinyl CoA which becomes glucose in gluconeogenesis

28
Q

3rd step of carbohydrate metabolism

A

Butyrate converted to B-hydroxybutyrate across rumen wall then into acetyl CoA

29
Q

What are the 5 precursors for milk fat?

A

Glucose
Acetate
B-hydroxybutyrate
Triglycerides
Lipoproteins

30
Q

How are milk lipids produced?

A

Absorbed from blood or synthesised from acetate

31
Q

Where are B-hydroxybutyrate and acetate absorbed?

A

Basolateral membrane

32
Q

Where are triglycerides synthesised?

A

Cytoplasm of mammary epithelial cells

33
Q

How are casein, alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin synthesised?

A

From amino acids in mammary epithelial cells

Genetics and biochemistry 2 (7 decks)

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