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INT > MIGRATION: 2 VIEWPOINTS > Flashcards

MIGRATION: 2 VIEWPOINTS Flashcards

1
Q

A MIGRANT?

A
  • NO UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED DEFINITIONS
  • COUNTRIES AND AGENCIES USE THEIR OWN CRITERI, BASED ON THEIR OWN LEGISLATIONS AND POLICIES
  • DEFINITIONS ARE NOT CONSISTENTLY USED
  • THERE ARE SOME ‘POPULAR’ TERMS/DEFINITIONS

Migrants are individuals who leave their legal place of origin and cross international boundaries

Migration is commonly represented as a slow and unidirectional process resulting in permanent resettlement

Migrants are diverse groups (e.g. economic migrants, students, refugees, asylum seekers) and there the relationship between and health and migration is complex

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2
Q

HOW MANY MIGRANTS ARE THERE GLOBALLY?

A

1 BILLION MIGRANTS GRLOBALLY

- INCLUDING 281 MILLION INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS AND 82.4 MILLION FORCIBLY DIPLACED

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3
Q

A REFUGEE?

A

Refugees are people fleeing armed conflicts or persecution. There were 19,5 million of them worldwide at the end of 2014 according to UNHCR. Their situation is so perilous that they cross national borders to seek safety in nearby countries and become recognised as refugees with access to assistance from states and aid organisations.

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4
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MIGRANTS AND REFUGEES?

A

Migrants choose to move not because of a direct threat or persecution but mainly to improve their lives:
Finding work
Seeking better education
Reuniting with family

Unlike refugees who cannot safely return home, migrants can return home if they wish.

This distinction is important for governments, since countries handle migrants under their own immigration laws and processes.

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5
Q

TYPES OF MIGRATIONS?

A

Economic migration- to find work or follow a particular career path.
Social migration- for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends.
Political migration- to escape political persecution or war.
Environmental- to escape natural disasters such as flooding.
(LAST TWO CN BE CLASSIFIED AS REFUGEES, FIRST TO AS MIGRANTS)

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6
Q

2 CLASSES OF FACTORS FOR MIGRATION?

A

Push Factorsare negative things that make people want to move to a new area e.g war
Pull Factorsare positive aspects that attract people to move to a place e.g good employment opportunites

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7
Q

EXAMPLES OF PUSH AND PULL FACTOR?

A

PUSH FACTORS:

  • LACK OF SERVICES
  • LOW EMPLOYMENT
  • LACK OF SAFETY
  • HIGH CRIME
  • CROP FAILURE
  • DROUGHT
  • FLOODING
  • POVERTY
  • WAR

PULL FACTORS (ALL OPPOSITES, E.G. GOOD CLIMATE, LOWER RISK OF NATURAL HAZARDS, MORE WELTH, POLITICAL STABILITY, FERTILE LAND…)

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8
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH OF MIGRANTS?

A
  • MIGRANT’S GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN
  • CONDITIONS OF REFUGEE CAMPS OR URBAN SETTINGS WHERE THEY LIVED
  • WOKING CONDITIONS
  • SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY FACTORS (DISCRIMINATION, STIGMA, SOCIAL INCLUSION)
  • PERSONAL, PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, EITHER PRE-EXISTING OR ACQUIRED WHILE TRAVELLING
  • GOVERNANCE, POLICY, SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS
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9
Q

MIGRATORY PHASES

A 
Pre-departure
Travel
Interception
Designation
Return
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10
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH OF IMMIGRANTS BY MIGRATORY PHASE - PRE-DEPARTURE

A
  • BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
  • LOCAL PATTERNS OF CHRONIC CONDITIONS (COMMUNICABLE AND NON-COMMUNICABLE)
  • PATHOGENS DISTRIBUTIONS
  • ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
  • POLITICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CIRCUMSTANCES
  • DEPLETION OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS
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11
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH OF IMMIGRANTS BY MIGRATORY PHASE - TRAVEL

A
  • TRANSPORTS AND TRAVEL CONDITIONS
  • EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSIT AREAS
  • SEXUAL VIOLENCE
  • HUMAN TRAFFICKING
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12
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH OF IMMIGRANTS BY MIGRATORY PHASE - INTERCEPTION

A
  • POOR LIVING CONDITIONS
  • HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
  • INADEQUATE MEDICAL CARE
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13
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH OF IMMIGRANTS BY MIGRATORY PHASE - DESTINATION

A
  • SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION
  • ACCESS TO CARE
  • LEGAL STATUS
  • OCCUPATIONAL RISK
  • EXPOSURE TO RISK BEHAVIOURS (ALCOHOL, DRUGS, CRIME ETC)
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14
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH OF IMMIGRANTS BY MIGRATORY PHASE - RETURN

A
  • PRE-TRAVEL ADVICE?
  • POOR MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
  • REDUCED IMMUNITY AGAINST LOCAL PATHOGENS
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15
Q

MIGRANT OR REFUGEE HEALTH

A

Is the field of study on the health effects experienced by people who have moved into another country or even to another part of the world, either by choice or as a result of unsafe circumstances such as war or persecution

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16
Q

EFFECTS OF MIGRANT HEALTH BEYONG THE MIGRANTS THEMSELVES:

A

Health issues and risks related to migrant populations, AND the way in which migration affects:

Countries of origin, transit and destination, and

Second and later migrant generations

17
Q

WAYS IN WHICH DISPLACED POPULATION’S HEALTH IN MAINLY AFFECTED:

A 
Infectious disease:
Respiratory infections, especially Tuberculosis
Skin infections
Gastrointestinal illnesses
Food- and water-borne diseases
HIV, hepatitis
Endemic disease in host country

Mental health

Chronic diseases (that are uncommon in the country in which they eventually settle), POORER OUTCOMES
Cardiovascular disease, hypertension and Type 2 diabetes
Psychosocial disorders
Reproductive health problems, included STD
Drug abuse, alcoholism
Exposure to violence
Pregnancy and delivery related complications

IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT SOMETIMES MIGRATION CAN BE POSITIVE FOR HEALTH AND IMPROVE ONE’S HEALTH CAPITAL, ESPECIALLY IF THEY ARE MIGRATING TO A COUNTRY WITH BETTER SERVICES AND LOWER RISKS (healthy migrant paradox)

18
Q

% OF REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS REPORTING FREATER LEVEL OF DEPRESSION, WORRY, ANXIETY AND LONELINESS DURING THE COVID 9 PANDEMIC?

A

50%

19
Q

IMPACT OF WEATHER ON HEALTH CONDITIONS OF MIGRANTS?

A

COLD;
Hypothermia, body temperature below 35.0 oC

Frost-bite – especially in the fingers, toes, nose and ears.

Increased risk of fracture

Severe bacterial and viral infections

WARM;
Dehydration and exhaustion

Life-threatening heat-stroke

Worsen existing conditions such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases

20
Q

‘HEALTHY MIGRANT PARADOX’

A

The healthy immigrant paradox describes a phenomenon observed in many countries where immigrants who have just moved to a host country have better health outcomes than the native populations of the host country

  • lower mortality rates, higher life expectancy, lower incidence and mortality due to cancer, lower prevalence of CVD…
21
Q

GENETIC DRIFT?

A

Genetic drift, also termed as allelic drift or the Sewall Wright effect, is the alteration of the frequency of a specific allele because of the organisms’ random sampling.
This process is popularly illustrated through the marbles in a jar analogy.

22
Q

GENE FLOW?

A

Gene flow is also termed as gene migration or allele flow.
It is the migration of genetic variation from a certain population to another.
This process is significant in actualizing diversity in a genetic pool. For instance, people in village A have very similar genetic makeup and this becomes varied when people from village B and C have children with those from village A.

23
Q

EXAMPLES OF GENE FLOW?

A

Europeans inhabit North America and mate with Native Americans (you can tell that the population of people living in America looks very different than it did in the 1400s)

Domesticated reindeer in western Alaska escape and mate with migrating caribou, adding the alleles for short legs and tame behavior

A blonde-haired, blue-eyed family from Sweden moves to India where the children grow up, marry Indians and produce offspring who now have the blonde-haired, blue-eyed alleles

Farmed salmon escape and mate with wild salmon
Bees carry pollen from one population of flowers to another population

24
Q

GENETIC DRIFT IS ALSO KNOWN AS:

A

Sewall Wright effect

25
Q

2 MECHANISMS THAT CAUSE GENETIC DRIFT?

A

Bottle Effect:
This happens when the population has experienced a catastrophe such as an epidemic, flood, and fire. In this situation, a trait’s allele frequency has decreased since many organisms carrying that trait have been eliminated.

Founder Effect
This happens when few members separate from the main population and form their own. Such event causes a significant drift of allele frequency depending on the mating preferences of the newly founded group.

26
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GENETIC FLOW AND GENETIC DRIFT?

A
  • FLOW OCCURS THROUGH MIGRATION FROM ONE POPULATION TO ANOTHER, DRIFT OCCURS THROUGH RANDOM EVENT OR SAMPLING
  • FLOW IMPACTS LARGE POPULATIONS, DRIFT SMALL POPULATIONS
  • EVOLUTION OF FLOW OCCURS THROUGH MIGRATION, WHILE EVOLUTION OF DRIFT OCCURS THROUGH BOTTLENECK AND FOUNDER EFFECTS
27
Q

SYRIA, MIGRATION CASE STUDY, WHY ARE PEOPLE LEAVING AND WHY ARE MANY LEAVING TO TURKEY?

A

why?

Rising death rate due to war and unrest.

Little direct aid getting into Syria.

Families are concerned about their children.

why Turkey?

It’s one of the closest countries to Syria.

Less risk as the people have similar beliefs (and a similar branch of Islam).

Turkey is a useful gateway to other European countries or even to places like Canada.

Turkish borders were open to receive the migrants.
(THIS ALSO PUTS PRESSUREON TURKEY, AS 3 MILLION REFUGEES HAVE DECIDED TO STAY)

28
Q

CHALLENGES FACED BY SYRIAN REUGEES?

A

Conditions in refugee camps are poor.
Conflict with the local people.
Many refugees live in fear of being sent home as their documentation or status is questioned.
No obvious end to the conflict in Syria. Refugees don’t want to return to a civil war.
Difficult for refugees to find employment.
As estimated 400,000 Syrian refugees are living in Istanbul – this is puts pressure on the local refugee communities to ensure that there is enough food and work to sustain the people.

29
Q

CHALLENGES FACED BY COUNTRIES TAKING IN REFUGEES? (E.G. TURKEY TAKING IN SYRIANS)

A

Small illegal businesses and smuggling rackets have been started by Syrians.
The number of children in the workplace has grown.
The amount of crime has increased in places where refugees are located.
There have been small but significant changes to local cultures, lifestyle and language.
Some poor urban areas are experiencing waves of over-crowding.

30
Q

POLICIES AND INTERVENTIONS TO SUPPORT MIGRANT HEALTH?

A 
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Access to sanitary facilities
Sufficient amounts of safe drinking water
Provision of immunization
Surveillance

General infection control measures:
Sufficient food supplies and cloths & warming facilities
Local authorities must monitor the microbiological quality of drinking water closely
Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
Good ventilation of the environment

Specific prevention:
Equitable access to vaccination
WHO recommend voluntary screening of refugee and migrant populations for diseases such as hepatitis, TB and HIV/AIDS
WHO supports policies to provide HIV testing, prevention and treatment services irrespective of legal status

NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Identify individuals with NCDs to ensure continuing access to the treatment they were receiving before their travel
Ensure treatment of people with acute, life-threatening exacerbation and complications of NCDs
Establish clear standard operating procedures for referral
Ensure that essentials diagnostic equipment, core laboratory tests and medication for routine management of NCDs are available in the primary health care system

INT (52 decks)

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