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Geography > Migration > Flashcards

Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is migration

A

Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another.

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2
Q

What is international and intranational migration

A

International migration takes place when people move from one country to another.

Intra-national migration takes place within a country from one state or region, district, city or town to another state, region, district, city or town.

Migration is normal human behavior and a global phenomenon. Our ancestors in the prehistoric era were hunters-gatherers. They were constantly on the move in search of food and shelter. Floods, storms and earthquakes too compelled them to move from one place

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3
Q

What is a migrant

A

from one country, city or town or village to another country city, town or village is called a migrant.

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4
Q

Migration can ______ people moving within the country and __________ people moving to a new country

A

Internal, external

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5
Q

What is an emigrant

A

When a person leaves his or her own country and moves to another, it is called emigration. The person who emigrates is known as an emigrant from his or her own country.

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6
Q

What is immigration

A

• When a person arrives in a new country after leaving his or her own country, it is called immigration.

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7
Q

What is temporary migration

A

• Temporary migration could be annual, seasonal or daily. For example, people may move to lower regions from mountains during harsh winter months.

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8
Q

What is rural to urban migration

A

In this type of migration, people move from rural areas (villages) to cities in search of better employment opportunities.

In villages there are little or no jobs. So, the only way a person could earn their living is to go to the the city (urban) area either alone or with their family.

Moreover, in urban areas, there are better educational opportunities and the opportunity to adapt to and enjoy an urban lifestyle and health services.

This type of migration is common in developing countries like India, Brazil and Sri Lanka.

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9
Q

Factors causeing rural to urban migration

A

Apart from this, other reasons are:
• a village cannot support a rapid increase in population.
• food supply is limited.
• land on which to cultivate or build house is scarce.
• introduction of mechanized farming where machines replace labour.
• marriage, which is one of the biggest causes of migration.
quality of housing and cost of living.
• education.

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10
Q

What is urban to urban migration

A

Migration from one city to another happens when people of one city choose to go to another city, generally a larger one, in search of better jobs, educational facilities, health in search of facilities, etc. For example, many students nities. In villages and professionals from cities like Patna, So, the only way Prayagraj and Lucknow go to Delhi in iving is to go to search of better opportunities. This type of

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11
Q

What causes large scale migration

A

.
Moving a large government office or other establishments from one city to another also causes large-scale migration of people from one city to another.

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12
Q

What causes large scale migration

A

.
Moving a large government office or other establishments from one city to another also causes large-scale migration of people from one city to another.

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13
Q

What is urban to rural migration

A

In this type of migration, people go back to their homes in the village for several reasons such as to

look after the property left behind by their parents or
tomarry from there.
Some people also return when they find there are no suitable job opportunities in the city, or are Unable to find proper shelter.

Sometimes, the cost of living in the city is very high or the migrants are unable to cope with the traffic and pollution.

Urban-rural migration is common in countries like Pakistan and Afghanistan.

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14
Q

Uraban to rural migration is common in ________ and ________

A

Palistan afaghanistan

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15
Q

What is primitive migration

A

Primitive migration is one in which people respond to an unfavourable environment by leaving it to a more favourable one.

Pre-industrial societies tend to make such decisions on a group basis rather than on an individual basis.

The hunting and gathering groups (which still exist in many parts of
the world) might migrate regularly as the resources of the area get depleted.

Some farming communities might move as the soil becomes infertile. Primitive migration also occurs when additional land is needed as populations increase in size.

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16
Q

What is primitive migration

A

Primitive migration is one in which people respond to an unfavourable environment by leaving it to a more favourable one.

Pre-industrial societies tend to make such decisions on a group basis rather than on an individual basis.

The hunting and gathering groups (which still exist in many parts of
the world) might migrate regularly as the resources of the area get depleted.

Some farming communities might move as the soil becomes infertile. Primitive migration also occurs when additional land is needed as populations increase in size.

17
Q

What is forced migration

A

When people living in a place are forced to leave the place due to reasons like poor living conditions, persecution, lack of political freedom, wars, lack of means to earn a livelihood, famine, etc., then it is called forced migration.

18
Q

What is illegal migration

A

Illegal migration is one where people violate immigration laws and move to other countries.
It is the crossing of a country’s border by a person or group of persons by violating the immigration laws of the destination country.
immigration laws of the destination country.

19
Q

Whay do people migrate

A

There are many reasons why people migrate to other places. Some reasons are economic and some are Cpolitical. The rural-urban migration in developing countries is influenced not only by the pull or attraction of the cities and towns, but also because of Blow incomes, difficult living conditions and lack of source of livelihood in rural areas, which push people into leaving their homes.

20
Q

Push factors of migration

A

• War is one factor. In the face of an ongoing violent war inSyria,thousands of Syrianshave made difficult journeys to migrate to safer countries, just across the Syrian borders or even further.

• Food and essentials become scarce or expensive due to famine or political
instability. The severe food scarcity
in Venezuela in 2016 forced many Venezuelans to flock to neighbouring
countries such as Columbia in search
of food and medicines.

The economiccrisis in Greece in 2015 led to severeshortages of food and medicine, forcingpeople to migrate.

The severe shortage offood grains in Nigeria in 2016 resulted inmany Nigerians trying to cross over intneighbourincountries.

• Natural disasters are also a factor. The 2015earthquake in Nepal caused many peopleto migrate to India.

• Poverty

• Increased crime rate

21
Q

What is free migration

A

In free migration, people have the choice to either stay or move. The decision to move is based on people’s personal choice and it is mostly guided by factors like better job opportunities and better living conditions.
These people often analyse the advantages and disadvantages of moving to a new place and then make an informed decision.

22
Q

Rural to rural migration

A

This type of migration takes place when people move from one rural area to another. This happens for various reasons-acquisition of property, marriage, better resources, etc.
Many people also leave their own villages and migrate to different villages where they buy land because it is more fertile.

23
Q

Why do people from villages often migrate to cities? Where does this usually happen in india

A

People in villages migrate to cities for better job opportunities. In India, lots of people from Politics Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal move People to Punjab, Haryana and Delhi in search better job opportunities in these states

where their own they get employment on agricultural lands, migrate. construction sites and factories.

24
Q

Why do people from villages often migrate to cities? Where does this usually happen in india

A

People in villages migrate to cities for better job opportunities. In India, lots of people from Politics Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal move People to Punjab, Haryana and Delhi in search better job opportunities in these states

where their own they get employment on agricultural lands, migrate. construction sites and factories.

25
Q

What would unemployed people travel overseas for and why

A

Unemployed city dwellers may also move to other towns or cities within their own country or overseas in order to get jobs.

People move to other countries also because the salaries and wages maybe less compared to the countries where they migrate,

26
Q

How is lack of availability if land a push factor

A

Sometimes, farmers cannot make a living in their own country because there is a shortage of land, or the quality of land is too poor.

In such cases, such people move to places where land is available.

This was the main motive of many migrations in the past.

History tells us that the USA, Australia and South Africa were populated by Europeans who were either landless peasants in search of farmlands or farmers who were looking for larger plots of land instead of small plots.

27
Q

How is lack of availability if land a push factor

A

Sometimes, farmers cannot make a living in their own country because there is a shortage of land, or the quality of land is too poor.

In such cases, such people move to places where land is available.

This was the main motive of many migrations in the past.

History tells us that the USA, Australia and South Africa were populated by Europeans who were either landless peasants in search of farmlands or farmers who were looking for larger plots of land instead of small plots.

28
Q

How is religion a push factor of migration

A

Sometimes, when people of a particular religion are persecuted or when sects are not tolerated, then in order to escape repression, people move to places where they are allowed to practise their religion without any danger of being repressed.

The movement of Jews to Israel and the huge migration of people between India and Pakistan during Partition in 1948, are some examples.

29
Q

How is religion a push factor of migration

A

Sometimes, when people of a particular religion are persecuted or when sects are not tolerated, then in order to escape repression, people move to places where they are allowed to practise their religion without any danger of being repressed.

The movement of Jews to Israel and the huge migration of people between India and Pakistan during Partition in 1948, are some examples.

30
Q

How is politics a push factor of migration

A

People sometimes move because they are not happy with the form of government in their own country.

Wars also force people to migrate. People may leave a country to avoid subjection to a new regime, to avoid a war, or because they have lost their homes and farms in the war.

31
Q

How is politics a push factor of migration

A

People sometimes move because they are not happy with the form of government in their own country.

Wars also force people to migrate. People may leave a country to avoid subjection to a new regime, to avoid a war, or because they have lost their homes and farms in the war.

32
Q

What are the pull factors of migration

A

• Job opportunities in the new country (many migrate to Canada and Australia for this reason)
• Education (many students leave India to study abroad)
• Availability of better medical facilities.

33
Q

How is job opportunities a pull factor of migration

A

Many people move to other cities within the country or to other countries because of better job and career prospects.

These people are also attracted by higher salaries and better quality of life.

We have seen recently lots of Indian IT professionals migrating to the USA for better career progression and higher incomes.

34
Q

Many people leave their own country (gr)

A

Many people leave their own country because of educational reasons. They find superior career prospects and increased income because of studying abroad.

35
Q

Where do most people migrate from one country to another country on terms of education

A

Many students from India and other Asian countries migrate to the USA, the UK and Australia for further studies in the areas of medicine, engineering and management studies.

Some people also migrate from one town to another within the same country because they find better schools and educational institutes there.

36
Q

Why is medical care a pull factor

A

People migrate to other places because of P better medical care and superior medical facilities.

Cities with bigger hospitals, well-known doctors and medical experts, and technically advanced medical systems attract people to move here.

37
Q

Why is attraction of wealth a pull factor of migration

A

Sometimes, the main motive of migration is to earn quick wealth. Discoveries of minerals, especially gold and oil have drawn people from all over the world.

Central Australia, Central and South America and South Africa gained population partly because of their gold mines.

38
Q

Hiw is climate a pull factor of migration

A

Sometimes, people also migrate because of the harsh climate of a place. They prefer to live and settle in places which have pleasant and attractive climate and weather.

Geography (16 decks)

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