Midterms: Electromagnetic Modalities

Question 1

This type of radiation can break molecular bonds to form ions and an example of this would be
a. Non-ionizing; X-ray
b. Ionizing; Gamma Ray
c. Ionizing; Radio wave
d. Non-ionizing; Microwave

Answer 1

b. Ionizing; Gamma Ray

Question 2

Which are the components of the contact with various materials
a. Reflection, Rejection, Transmission, Absorption
b. Reflection, Refraction, Transmission, Absorption
c. Reflection, Refraction, Scattering, Absorption
d. Reflection, Refraction, Transmission, Scattering

Answer 2

b. Reflection, Refraction, Transmission, Absorption

Question 2

Electrical and magnetic fields of electromagnetic radiation are oriented ____ to each other
a. Same
b. Perpendicular
c. Parallel
d. Right angle

Answer 2

b. Perpendicular

Question 2

These are small parcels of energy that allow electromagnetic energy to transmit through space
a. Photons
b. Atoms
c. Electrons
d. Ions

Answer 2

a. Photons

Question 2

The PT intern is using infrared radiation on his patient and was first using minimum parameters however, the pt. reports that he is not feeling any heat therefore, the pt. increases the parameters. The pt. then reports increased heat on the area. Which law is being utilized by the PT intern?
a. Arndt- Schultz Law
b. Inverse Square Law
c. Lambert’s Cosine Law
d. Grothus-Draper Law Question

Answer 2

a. Arndt- Schultz Law

Question 2

Hotter objects emit most of their radiation at shorter wavelengths, cooler objects emit most of their radiation at longer wavelengths
a. Inverse square law
b. Arndt- Schultz Principle
c. Wien’s law
d. Grotthus-Draper law Question

Answer 2

c. Wien’s law

Question 2

Too little energy have no measurable effect, too much being damaging, energy levels between these extremes can be therapeutic
a. Inverse square law
b. Arndt- Schultz Principle
c. Grotthus-Draper law
d. Wien’s law

Answer 2

a. Inverse square law

Question 2

Which are low frequency electromagnetic radiation
a. Short waves
b. X-ray
c. Gamma ray
d. Microwaves Question

Answer 2

d. Microwaves Question

Question 2

The PT intern is using laser on his patient and his staff notices that the angle of the probe is incorrect. The staff then corrects the intern on the angle of the laser so that the patient can have maximum absorption.
a. Lambert’s Cosine Law
b. Inverse Square Law
c. Grothus-Draper Law
d. Arndt- Schultz Law

Answer 2

a. Lambert’s Cosine Law

Question 3

A physiological effect of laser?
a. Impede bacterial apoptosis
b. Promote collagen production
c. Modulate edema
d. Promote vasoconstriction

Answer 3

b. Promote collagen production

Question 3

The temperature of the UVR is 38C and the PT intern expects that due to the high temperature of the UVR, there will be increased radiative energy felt by the patient
a. Vant Hoff Law
b. Inverse Square law
c. Stefan-Boltzman Law
d. Grotthus- Draper Law

Answer 3

c. Stefan-Boltzman Law

Question 3

Which of the following is correct regarding the nonthermal mechanisms of electromagnetic radiation:
a. Proteins undergo conformational changes
b. Decrease active transport across cell membranes
c. Decelerate ATP synthesis and use
d. Does not promote binding of chemicals to cell membrane

Answer 3

a. Proteins undergo conformational changes

Question 3

What is the relationship of wavelength and frequency?
a. Parallel
b. Directly proportional c
. Same
d. Inversely related

Answer 3

d. Inversely related

Question 3

Extent of effect will be determined by the amount of energy that is absorbed by the tissue

Answer 3

Inverse square law

Question 3

All of the following are true about the physical properties of Laser, except for?
a. Less collimated courses are more dangerous to unprotected eye.
b. The optical power of the device is “bundled” on to a relatively small area over considerable distances.
c. Consists of single wavelength with a very narrow bandwidth.
d. The troughs and peaks of the emitted light waves match perfectly in time and space.

Answer 3

a. Less collimated courses are more dangerous to unprotected eye.

Question 3

Which of the following is the only characteristic that a LASER and a LED has in common?
a. Coherence
b. Collimation
c. Monochromaticity
d. Directional

Answer 3

Directional

Question 3

During application of IRR, the patient complained of increased heat, in order to reduce the heat the PT adjusted the IRR away from the patient’s body. What law applies to the concept above?

Answer 3

Inverse square law

Question 3

What is the wavelength of UVA?

Answer 3

320-400 nm

Question 3

In IRR, patients may be taught to apply infrared for home use. However, Some patients may find that dry heating is agitating and irritating.
a. false
b. True

Answer 3

b. True

Question 3

Upon application of IRR perpendicular to the body surface, we reach at about ______ of absorption.

Answer 3

100%

Question 3

In laser-tissue interaction, just like any other modality, the laser change its direction of propagation light as it passes through the tissues.
a. false
b. True

Answer 3

b. True

Question 4

A 50-year-old female patient was referred to your clinic that was medically diagnosed with Mild Psoriasis. Which of the following practices could achieve greater intensity when applying IRR?
a. Does not apply to the condition of the patient
b. IRR is applied perpendicularly to skin
c. IRR machine to treatment area is set to be 50 inches apart

Answer 4

b. IRR is applied perpendicularly to skin

Question 4

All of the following can be identified as an air-cooled lamp, except:
a. Birtcher
b. Hanovia Alpine Sun lamps
c. Kromayer lamp
d. Hanau Hohenson

Answer 4

d. Hanau Hohenson

Question 5

Upon application of IRR perpendicular to the body surface, we reach at about ______ of absorption.

Answer 5

95%

Question 5

All of the following are contraindicated for the use of UVR, except?
a. Systemic lupus erythematosus
b. Fever
c. Recent x-ray therapy

Answer 5

b. Fever

Question 5

What UV-Band is the one that produces most skin erythema?
a. UV-B and UV-C
b. UV-A
c. UV-C
d. UV-B

Answer 5

d. UV-B

Question 6

All of the following is true regarding Helium-Neon lasing medium, except?
a. It emits red light.
b. It is best absorbed in deep structures.
c. It is best absorbed in superficial structures.

Answer 6

b. It is best absorbed in deep structures.

Question 7

In IRR, if angle of incidence is 15 degrees, what would be the reflected ray?

Answer 7

15 degrees

Question 8

Pockets of pocket energy that is the form of electromagnetic radiation travels in

Answer 8

photons/Quanta

Question 9

Light is electromagnetic energy that is transmitted through space either as a propagated wave or as small parcels of energy called photons

Answer 9

PHOTONS

Question 10

What type of frequency is this:
Has less waves but longer wavelength
Low absorption: heat is less focused on superficial area
High penetration: heat is more focused on deeper tissue

Answer 10

Low frequency

Question 10

Vertical distance b/w the tip of the crest and the wave’s central axis

Answer 10

AMPLITUDE

Question 10

Type of Frequency that:
Has more waves but shorter wavelengths
High absorption: heat is more focused on superficial area
Low penetration: heat is less focused on deeper tissue

Answer 10

High frequency

Question 11

Law that states: When a ray of light reflects off of a surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of refraction

Answer 11

REFLECTION

Question 11

Law that states:
If a light wave of a given frequency strikes a material with electrons having the same vibrational frequencies → absorb the energy of the light wave and transform it into vibrational motion
Electrons interact with neighboring atoms to convert vibrational energy → thermal energy
Light wave with that given frequency is absorbed by the object

Answer 11

If a light wave of a given frequency strikes a material with electrons having the same vibrational frequencies → absorb the energy of the light wave and transform it into vibrational motion
Electrons interact with neighboring atoms to convert vibrational energy → thermal energy
Light wave with that given frequency is absorbed by the object

Question 11

Law that states:
Extent of the effect will be determined by the amount of the energy that is absorbed by the tissue

Answer 11

GROTTHUS-DRAPER LAW

Question 11

Law that states:
Certain minimum stimulus is needed to initiate a biological process
Slightly stronger stimulus = greater effects
Certain level stronger stimuli = progressively less positive effect
Higher levels = inhibitory or damaging

Answer 11

ARNDT-SCHULTZ PRINCIPLE

Question 11

Law that states:
Light waves of these frequencies strike an object, and the electrons in the atoms of the object begin vibrating
Electrons vibrate for brief periods with small amplitudes of vibration → the energy is reemitted as a light wave

Answer 11

TRANSMISSION

Question 11

Law that states:
Light penetrates the surface of an object and is bent when it passes through a different medium

Answer 11

REFRACTION:

Question 11

Intensity radiation is INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL to the square distance between the source and the absorbing tissue because of the divergence of the rays

Answer 11

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

Question 11

Law that states:Reflected energy from a small surface area in a particular direction is proportional to the cosine of the angle between that direction and the surface normal
* Maximum absorption = source at right angles of absorption surface
Critical angle (15 deg) = Labsorption

Answer 11

LAMBERT’S COSINE LAW

Question 11

Photochemical reaction is directly proportional to the total energy dose, irrespective of the time over which this dose is delivered
As long as the product of irradiance and the time of exposure is the same the photochemical effect will be the same

Answer 11

BUNSEN ROSCOE LAW OF RECIPROCITY

Question 12

Hotter objects emit most of their radiation at shorter wavelengths = higher frequency
Cooler objects emit most of their radiation at longer wavelengths = lower frequency

Answer 12

WIEN DISPLACEMENT

Question 13

Rate of outward radiative energy (per unit area) emitted by an object with temperature T is proportional to the 4th power of T
Higher temperature = Greater radiative energy

Answer 13

STEFAN-BOLTZMAN LAW

Question 14

For every 10 degrees increase in temperature, there is 2-3 times increase in the metabolism

Answer 14

VANT HOFF LAW

Question 15

high frequency alternating current in an antenna —> for MWD
small defined areas
similar to those used in microwave oven
wavelength 1 ,, to 1m

Answer 15

Magnetron