MIDTERMS CA

Question 1

part of the autonomic nervous system located near the thoracic and lumbar regions in the spinal cord.

Answer 1

SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

Question 2

It is located in between the spinal cord and the medulla. It primarily stimulates the body’s “rest and digest” and “feed and breed” responses.

Answer 2

PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

Question 3

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency
Requires insulin therapy for management
Commonly diagnosed in childhood or adolescence

Answer 3

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 4

Insulin resistance and progressive loss of beta-cell insulin secretion

Answer 4

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 5

recommended as the initial pharmacological approach for patients with type 2 diabetes, as it reduces HbA1c levels, decreases cardiovascular disease risk independent of glycaemic control, may assist with weight loss and has a low risk of hypoglycaemia.

Answer 5

Metformin

Question 6

make insulin, a hormone that controls the level of glucose in the blood

Answer 6

Beta cells

Question 7

releases glucagon, which elevates blood glucose

Answer 7

Alpha cells

Question 8

Layered with plaque, the artery walls become narrow and rigid. Narrower, less distensible arteries restrict the flow of blood to the heart.

Answer 8

atherosclerosis.

Question 9

FIRST LINE TREATMENT
Atherosclerosis

Answer 9

Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors or ACE-I) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Diuretics

Question 10

target L-type calcium channels and binds to them. These L-type calcium channels are located on the smooth muscle

Answer 10

Calcium-channel blockers

Question 11

both work by lowering the effects of angiotensin-2 (pronounced: an-jee-oh-TEN-sin 2) in the body. Angiotensin-2 is also known as AT2.

Answer 11

ACE inhibitors and ARBs

Question 12

medicines that help reduce fluid buildup in the body. They are sometimes called water pills.

Answer 12

Diuretics

Question 13

caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Blood carries oxygen, which the heart muscle needs to survive. When the heart muscle isn’t getting enough oxygen, it causes a condition called ischemia.

Answer 13

ANGINA

Question 14

FIRST LINE TREATMENT
Angina

Answer 14

Beta-blockers
Calcium channel blockers or long-acting nitrates

Question 15

may be appropriate for those who do not tolerate or who have contraindications to beta-blockers.

Answer 15

Calcium channel blockers or long-acting nitrates

Question 16

are an appropriate first-line medical treatment to relieve the symptoms of angina.

Answer 16

Beta-blockers

Question 17

also known as cystitis, are significantly more prevalent in women than in men. This is primarily because of anatomic differences, including shorter urethral length and moist periurethral environment in women.

Answer 17

Lower UTIs,

Question 18

also known as pyelonephritis, develop when uropathogens ascend to the kidneys by the ureters. Infec- tions can occur when bacteria bind to a urinary catheter,

Answer 18

Upper UTIs

Question 19

FIRST LINE TREATMENT
UTI

Answer 19

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or trimethoprim

Question 20

very contagious respiratory illness caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. The disease is only found in humans.

Answer 20

Whooping cough, also known as pertussis

Question 21

is a long-term pain condition. It involves some muscles and the thin cover of tissue that holds muscles in place, called fascia.

Answer 21

Myofascial pain syndrome

Question 22

are common in asymptomatic individuals, but patients with them are more likely to develop a TrP. A latent TrP can develop into an active TrP for a number of reasons.

Answer 22

Taut bands

Question 23

FIRST LINE TREATMENT
MYOFASCIAL PAIN SYNDROME

Answer 23

Pain relievers
Antidepressants
Muscle relaxers

Question 24

degradation of cartilage and remodeling of bone due to an active response of chondrocytes in the articular cartilage and the inflammatory cells in the surrounding tissues.

Answer 24

OSTEOARTHRITIS