MIDTERMS CA Flashcards
part of the autonomic nervous system located near the thoracic and lumbar regions in the spinal cord.
SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM
It is located in between the spinal cord and the medulla. It primarily stimulates the body’s “rest and digest” and “feed and breed” responses.
PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency
Requires insulin therapy for management
Commonly diagnosed in childhood or adolescence
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin resistance and progressive loss of beta-cell insulin secretion
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
recommended as the initial pharmacological approach for patients with type 2 diabetes, as it reduces HbA1c levels, decreases cardiovascular disease risk independent of glycaemic control, may assist with weight loss and has a low risk of hypoglycaemia.
Metformin
make insulin, a hormone that controls the level of glucose in the blood
Beta cells
releases glucagon, which elevates blood glucose
Alpha cells
Layered with plaque, the artery walls become narrow and rigid. Narrower, less distensible arteries restrict the flow of blood to the heart.
atherosclerosis.
FIRST LINE TREATMENT
Atherosclerosis
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors or ACE-I) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs)
Diuretics
target L-type calcium channels and binds to them. These L-type calcium channels are located on the smooth muscle
Calcium-channel blockers
both work by lowering the effects of angiotensin-2 (pronounced: an-jee-oh-TEN-sin 2) in the body. Angiotensin-2 is also known as AT2.
ACE inhibitors and ARBs
medicines that help reduce fluid buildup in the body. They are sometimes called water pills.
Diuretics
caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Blood carries oxygen, which the heart muscle needs to survive. When the heart muscle isn’t getting enough oxygen, it causes a condition called ischemia.
ANGINA
FIRST LINE TREATMENT
Angina
Beta-blockers
Calcium channel blockers or long-acting nitrates
may be appropriate for those who do not tolerate or who have contraindications to beta-blockers.
Calcium channel blockers or long-acting nitrates
are an appropriate first-line medical treatment to relieve the symptoms of angina.
Beta-blockers
also known as cystitis, are significantly more prevalent in women than in men. This is primarily because of anatomic differences, including shorter urethral length and moist periurethral environment in women.
Lower UTIs,
also known as pyelonephritis, develop when uropathogens ascend to the kidneys by the ureters. Infec- tions can occur when bacteria bind to a urinary catheter,
Upper UTIs
FIRST LINE TREATMENT
UTI
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or trimethoprim
very contagious respiratory illness caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. The disease is only found in humans.
Whooping cough, also known as pertussis
is a long-term pain condition. It involves some muscles and the thin cover of tissue that holds muscles in place, called fascia.
Myofascial pain syndrome
are common in asymptomatic individuals, but patients with them are more likely to develop a TrP. A latent TrP can develop into an active TrP for a number of reasons.
Taut bands
FIRST LINE TREATMENT
MYOFASCIAL PAIN SYNDROME
Pain relievers
Antidepressants
Muscle relaxers
degradation of cartilage and remodeling of bone due to an active response of chondrocytes in the articular cartilage and the inflammatory cells in the surrounding tissues.
OSTEOARTHRITIS
