Hypertensive Emergency, Acute pyeloneph, CKD

Question 1

bacterial infection causing inflammation of
the kidneys and is one of the most common diseases of the kidney

Answer 1

Acute Pyelonephritis

Question 2

occurs in otherwise healthy individuals
without underlying urinary tract abnormalities or other complicating factors.

Answer 2

Uncomplicated acute pyelonephritis

Question 3

occurs in individuals with underlying
urinary tract abnormalities or conditions that increase the risk of infection or
complications

Answer 3

Complicated acute pyelonephritis

Question 4

occurs in individuals who develop
pyelonephritis during a hospital stay or shortly after discharge.

Answer 4

Hospital-acquired acute pyelonephritis

Question 5

occurs in individuals who
develop pyelonephritis outside of a healthcare setting.

Answer 5

Community-acquired acute pyelonephritis

Question 6

defined as the presence of kidney damage or an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than

Answer 6

60 ml/min/1.73 mt2, persisting for 3 months or more, irrespective of the cause.

Question 7

G1: GFR

Answer 7

90 ml/min

Question 8

G2: GFR

Answer 8

60-89 ml/min

Question 9

G3a: GFR

Answer 9

45-59 ml/min

Question 10

G3b: GFR

Answer 10

30-44

Question 11

G4: GFR

Answer 11

15-29 ml/min

Question 12

G5: GFR

Answer 12

GFR less than 15 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or treatment by dialysis

Question 13

A1: ACR

Answer 13

less than 30 mg/gm (less than 3.4 mg/mmol)

Question 14

A2: ACR

Answer 14

30 to 299 mg/gm (3.4 to 34 mg/mmol)

Question 15

A3: ACR

Answer 15

greater than 300 mg/gm (greater than 34 mg/mmol).

Question 16

patients with chronic heart failure or cirrhosis with persistently decreased renal perfusion

Answer 16

Chronic prerenal disease

Question 17

The most common chronic renal vascular disease is nephrosclerosis, which causes chronic damage to blood vessels, glomeruli, and tubulointerstitium.

Answer 17

Intrinsic Renal Vascular Disease

Question 18

most common chronic tubulointerstitial disease is polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Other etiologies include nephrocalcinosis

Answer 18

Intrinsic Tubular and Interstitial Disease

Question 19

Chronic obstruction may be due to prostatic disease, nephrolithiasis or abdominal/pelvic tumor with mass effect on ureter(s) are the common causes

Answer 19

Postrenal (Obstructive Nephropathy)

Question 20

The final stage of renal dysfunction, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is demonstrated by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of

Answer 20

15%–20% of normal or less.

Question 21

can occur in the early stage of uremic peripheral neuropathy.

Answer 21

Restless leg syndrome and burning feet

Question 22

Potential complications of chronic renal failure

HPHA

Answer 22

Hyperkalemia
Pericarditis
Hypertension
Anemia

Question 23

Laboratory studies required to establish the diagnosis of CRF include

Answer 23

GFR
Sodium and water retention
Acidosis
Anemia