MIDTERMS 122 Flashcards
medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Ascites
Ascites is a common complication of
liver cirrhosis,
accumulation is minimal and may not cause any noticeable symptoms.
Mild Ascites:
Extensive fluid accumulation leads to significant abdominal distension, difficulty breathing, and other complications.
Severe Ascites
Fluid buildup is more significant, causing abdominal swelling and potential discomfort.
Moderate Ascites:
This refers to ascites that don’t respond well to standard treatment approaches like diuretics.
Refractory Ascites:
In rare cases, ascites can become infected with bacteria, requiring additional treatment with antibiotics.
Infected Ascites
This is a rare type of ascites where the accumulated fluid is milky white due to the presence of lymphatic fluid rich in fat.
Chylous Ascites:
This classification uses protein levels in the ascitic fluid to differentiate between ascites caused by increased vascular permeability (exudative) and ascites caused by decreased fluid removal (transudative).
Exudative vs. Transudative Ascites:
This is the most common sign of ascites and appears as swelling in the abdomen.
Abdominal distension:
When gently tapping the abdomen, a dull sound is usually heard.
Shifting dullness
When the person lies on their back and the examiner presses on one side of the abdomen, fluid may shift to the opposite side, causing a bulge to appear.
Flanking sign:
Measuring the abdominal circumference can help track the progression of ascites
Increased abdominal girth
combines the local delivery of chemotherapy with a procedure called embolization to treat cancer, most often of the liver. It is a non-surgical and minimally invasive procedure performed in radiology, usually by an interventional radiologist.
Transarterial chemoembolization or TACE
too much fat builds up in the liver. It is seen most often in people who are overweight or obese.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, often called NAFLD
thickening or scarring of the tissue
Fibrosis
scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by long-term liver damage. The scar tissue prevents the liver working properly.
Cirrhosis
occurs when a tumor grows on the liver
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Tumor Marker of Liver
Serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
Bosniak I
Benign Simple Cyst
Classification: Potassium Binding Resin or exchange resin
Indication: It is used to treat hyperkalemia.
Drug: Kalimate (calcium polystyrene Sulfonate)
Pediatric Doses (Clark’s rule)
Wt . in lbs. x usual adult dose = safe child dose
150
(Fried’s rule)
Age in mos. X usual adult dose = child’s dose (CD)
150
(Young ‘s rule)
Age in years x usual adult dose = CD
Age in years + 12
known as acute idiopathic polyneuritis, is an immunological response to peripheral nerve myelin.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)
This is the most common form of GBS, characterized by the immune system attacking the myelin sheath. The most common sign of AIDP is muscle weakness that starts in the lower part of your body and spreads upward.
Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP)
rare variant of GBS that is associated with problems of the head and face rather than with limb paralysis.
Miller Fisher Syndrome (MFS)
ccounts for fewer than 10% of GBS cases. Affects the motor nerves and is characterized by axonal damage rather than demyelination
Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN)
this variant involves both motor and sensory nerves, but it is more severe. Antibodies in AMSAN do not attack the myelin sheath or glial cells, but rather directly cause harm to the axon.
Acute Motor Sensory Axonal Neuropathy (AMSAN)
This cancer starts in your milk ducts and spreads to nearby breast tissue. It’s the most common type of breast cancer in the United States.
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma:
This breast cancer starts in the milk-producing glands (lobules) in your breast and often spreads to nearby breast tissue. It’s the second most common breast cancer in the United States.
Lobular breast cancer
, this breast cancer starts in your milk ducts. The difference is DCIS doesn’t spread beyond your milk ducts.
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS):
The disease is noninvasive, meaning it hasn’t spread from your breast ducts to other parts of your breast.
Stage 0
There are cancerous cells in nearby breast tissue.
stage 1
There’s breast cancer in nearby tissue and lymph nodes. Stage ____ is usually referred to as locally advanced breast cancer.
Stage 3
Cancer has spread from your breast to areas like your bones, liver, lungs or brain.
4
he cancerous cells have formed a tumor or tumors. The tumor is either smaller than 2 centimeters across and has spread to underarm lymph nodes or larger than 5 centimeters
Stage II
defined as a combination of mitral stenosis and a left-to-right shunt at the atrial level. Typically, the left-to-right shunt is an atrial septal defect (ASD) of the ostium secundum variety. Both these defects, ASD and mitral stenosis, can be either congenital or acquired.
Lutembacher syndrome
Diagnostic Test
Lutembacher syndrome
Chest radiography
Echocardiography
Doppler pressure half-time method
Transesophageal echocardiography
