MIDTERMS 122

Question 1

medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Answer 1

Ascites

Question 2

Ascites is a common complication of

Answer 2

liver cirrhosis,

Question 3

accumulation is minimal and may not cause any noticeable symptoms.

Answer 3

Mild Ascites:

Question 4

Extensive fluid accumulation leads to significant abdominal distension, difficulty breathing, and other complications.

Answer 4

Severe Ascites

Question 5

Fluid buildup is more significant, causing abdominal swelling and potential discomfort.

Answer 5

Moderate Ascites:

Question 6

This refers to ascites that don’t respond well to standard treatment approaches like diuretics.

Answer 6

Refractory Ascites:

Question 7

In rare cases, ascites can become infected with bacteria, requiring additional treatment with antibiotics.

Answer 7

Infected Ascites

Question 8

This is a rare type of ascites where the accumulated fluid is milky white due to the presence of lymphatic fluid rich in fat.

Answer 8

Chylous Ascites:

Question 9

This classification uses protein levels in the ascitic fluid to differentiate between ascites caused by increased vascular permeability (exudative) and ascites caused by decreased fluid removal (transudative).

Answer 9

Exudative vs. Transudative Ascites:

Question 10

This is the most common sign of ascites and appears as swelling in the abdomen.

Answer 10

Abdominal distension:

Question 11

When gently tapping the abdomen, a dull sound is usually heard.

Answer 11

Shifting dullness

Question 12

When the person lies on their back and the examiner presses on one side of the abdomen, fluid may shift to the opposite side, causing a bulge to appear.

Answer 12

Flanking sign:

Question 13

Measuring the abdominal circumference can help track the progression of ascites

Answer 13

Increased abdominal girth

Question 14

combines the local delivery of chemotherapy with a procedure called embolization to treat cancer, most often of the liver. It is a non-surgical and minimally invasive procedure performed in radiology, usually by an interventional radiologist.

Answer 14

Transarterial chemoembolization or TACE

Question 15

too much fat builds up in the liver. It is seen most often in people who are overweight or obese.

Answer 15

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, often called NAFLD

Question 16

thickening or scarring of the tissue

Answer 16

Fibrosis

Question 17

scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by long-term liver damage. The scar tissue prevents the liver working properly.

Answer 17

Cirrhosis

Question 18

occurs when a tumor grows on the liver

Answer 18

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Question 19

Tumor Marker of Liver

Answer 19

Serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP)

Question 20

Bosniak I

Answer 20

Benign Simple Cyst

Question 21

Classification: Potassium Binding Resin or exchange resin
Indication: It is used to treat hyperkalemia.

Answer 21

Drug: Kalimate (calcium polystyrene Sulfonate)

Question 22

Pediatric Doses (Clark’s rule)

Answer 22

Wt . in lbs. x usual adult dose = safe child dose
150

Question 23

(Fried’s rule)

Answer 23

Age in mos. X usual adult dose = child’s dose (CD)
150

Question 24

(Young ‘s rule)

Answer 24

Age in years x usual adult dose = CD
Age in years + 12

Question 25

known as acute idiopathic polyneuritis, is an immunological response to peripheral nerve myelin.

Answer 25

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)

Question 26

This is the most common form of GBS, characterized by the immune system attacking the myelin sheath. The most common sign of AIDP is muscle weakness that starts in the lower part of your body and spreads upward.

Answer 26

Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP)

Question 27

rare variant of GBS that is associated with problems of the head and face rather than with limb paralysis.

Answer 27

Miller Fisher Syndrome (MFS)

Question 28

ccounts for fewer than 10% of GBS cases. Affects the motor nerves and is characterized by axonal damage rather than demyelination

Answer 28

Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN)

Question 29

this variant involves both motor and sensory nerves, but it is more severe. Antibodies in AMSAN do not attack the myelin sheath or glial cells, but rather directly cause harm to the axon.

Answer 29

Acute Motor Sensory Axonal Neuropathy (AMSAN)

Question 30

This cancer starts in your milk ducts and spreads to nearby breast tissue. It’s the most common type of breast cancer in the United States.

Answer 30

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma:

Question 31

This breast cancer starts in the milk-producing glands (lobules) in your breast and often spreads to nearby breast tissue. It’s the second most common breast cancer in the United States.

Answer 31

Lobular breast cancer

Question 32

, this breast cancer starts in your milk ducts. The difference is DCIS doesn’t spread beyond your milk ducts.

Answer 32

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS):

Question 33

The disease is noninvasive, meaning it hasn’t spread from your breast ducts to other parts of your breast.

Answer 33

Stage 0

Question 34

There are cancerous cells in nearby breast tissue.

Answer 34

stage 1

Question 35

There’s breast cancer in nearby tissue and lymph nodes. Stage ____ is usually referred to as locally advanced breast cancer.

Answer 35

Stage 3

Question 36

Cancer has spread from your breast to areas like your bones, liver, lungs or brain.

Answer 36

4

Question 37

he cancerous cells have formed a tumor or tumors. The tumor is either smaller than 2 centimeters across and has spread to underarm lymph nodes or larger than 5 centimeters

Answer 37

Stage II

Question 38

defined as a combination of mitral stenosis and a left-to-right shunt at the atrial level. Typically, the left-to-right shunt is an atrial septal defect (ASD) of the ostium secundum variety. Both these defects, ASD and mitral stenosis, can be either congenital or acquired.

Answer 38

Lutembacher syndrome

Question 39

Diagnostic Test
Lutembacher syndrome

Answer 39

Chest radiography
Echocardiography
Doppler pressure half-time method
Transesophageal echocardiography