MIDTERMS Flashcards
qualitative decrease in size of cells.
Atrophy
qualitative increase in size of cells.
Hypertrophy
qualitative increase in number of cells.
Hyperplasia
transformation of one cell to another.
Metaplasia
it is the reversion of cell, lacks in structure.
Anaplasia
abnormality in size, shape, orientation of
cell.
Dysplasia
formation of new cell with atypical cellular
structure with increase mitotic figure.
Neoplasia
Animal starch is
Glycogen
principal fluid medium, constituting 70% of cell
mass.
Water
most abundant substance 10% to 20% of cell
mass, building block is amino acids.
Proteins
makes up 2% of cells, building blocks is fatty
acids and glycerol.
Lipids
is the stored form of lipids in fat cells.
Triglyceride
provides most of the nutritional
requirements of cell
Carbohydrates
Blood sugar, simplest form of
carbohydrates for cell metabolism
Glucose
stored in skeletal muscles and
it is the storage form of carbohydrates.
Glycogen
is the carbohydrate component of cell
membrane
Glycocalyx
Type of cells that divide through Meiosis and is Haploid (n).
Germ cells/Gametes
Type of cells that divide through Mitosis and is Diploid (2n).
Somatic Cells
“Resting phase” of the cell and it is known to be the longest phase.
Interphase
Cell Division Phase: Condensation of nuclear material, nucleus
becomes darker
Prophase
Cell Division Phase: Chromosomes thicken and become visible while
the nuclear membrane and nucleus disappear
Prophase
Cell Division Phase:
Chromosomes line up of along equatorial plate.
Metaphase
Cell Division Phase:
Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers and move
toward opposite poles
Anaphase
Cell Division Phase:
Each chromatid from separated chromosomes
become the chromatids of daughter cells, and the
nucleus and nuclear membrane reappear.
Telophase
Organelles: Boat/sausage-shaped organelle which is long regarded as powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondrion
Organelles: Produces energy in the form of ATP through Kreb’s Cycle/Citric/Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Mitochondrion
Organelles: Contains hydrolytic phagocytic cells/cell capable of engulfing bacteria
Lysosome
Organelles: contains oxidative
enzymes for neutralize and destroys foreign agents
Peroxisome
Organelle: for protein synthesis for external or
outside the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle: Lipid, Steroid and
Carbohydrate synthesis.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle: Half moon/cresent-shaped
Golgi Apparatus
Organelle: Packaging center of secretory products of Rough ER and Smooth ER prior to release out of cells
Golgi Apparatus
Organelle: Protein synthesis for internal use
Ribosomes
Organelle: Helps in formation and guides spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis
Centriole
Organelle: Storage of nutrients, proteins, pigments
Vacuole
Bones of the: Shoulder Girdle/Thoracic Girdle
Scapula, Clavicle, Coracoid
Bones of the: Arm/Brachium
Humerus
Bones of the: Forearm/Antebrachium
Radius and Ulna
Bones of the: Manus
Carpals, Metacarpals, & Phalanges
Bones of the: Pelvic Girdle
Os coxae (Ilium, Ischium,
Pubis)
Bones of the: Thigh
Femur & Patella
Bones of the: True Leg/Crus
Tibia and Fibula
Bones of the: Pes
Tarsals, Metatarsals, & Phalanges
Splanchnic Skeleton: also known as baculum, present in dogs
Os penis
Splanchnic Skeleton: present in the snout of pigs, square in shape.
Os rostri
Splanchnic Skeleton: present in the heart of ox/cattle.
Os cordis
Splanchnic Skeleton: rare/abnormal in cats
Os clitoris
Splanchnic Skeleton: present in chicken
Os entoglossum
blood cells are produced in what bone
long bones and flat bones in adults
Inorganic Framework of bones constitutes what %
65-70%
Organic Framework of bones constitutes what %
30-35%
is the deposition of calcium salt, Blood calcium to bone which is stimulated by:
Calcitonin
What hormone stimulates Bone Mineralization
Calcitonin
is the withdrawal of calcium salt which is stimulated by:
Parathyroid Hormone
What hormone stimulates Bone Demineralization
Parathyroid Hormone
Hormone responsible that increases the calcium in the blood
Parathyroid Hormone
Hormone responsible that decreases the calcium in the blood
Calcitonin
outer lining of bone
Periosteum
inner lining
Endosteum
a space that contains bone
marrow
Medullary
hard and heavy bone tissue in the diaphysis.
Compact Bone
soft spongy bone tissue in the
metaphyseal region.
Cancellous bone
perforation of opening wherein nutrient enter the bone marrow of long bone.
Nutrient Foramen
Types of Bone: Acts as levers
Long Bones
Long Bones Examples
Humerus, Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Radius, and Ulna
Types of Bone: Has irregular shape
Irregular Bones
Types of Bone: For support and ligament attachment
Irregular Bones
Irregular Bones Examples
Vertebrae, bones at the base of the skull
Types of Bone: Diffuses concussion
Short Bones
Short Bones Examples
Carpals and Tarsals
Type of Bone: Present in avian
Pneumatic Bones
Type of Bone: Hollow bone, air space is present inside
Pneumatic Bones
Pneumatic Bones Example
Humerus, clavicle, and Sternum
Type of Bone: Protective and provides large area for muscle
attachment
Flat Bones
Type of Bone: Dorsoventrally flattened
Flat Bones
Flat Bones Examples
Scapula, Ox coxae
Type of Bone: Resembles the shape of sesame seed
Sesamoid Bones
Bones along longitudinal axis
Axial Skeleton
bones of the interior and posterior limb
Appendicular Skeleton
Cranial Bones of the Skull
Parietal, Frontal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Interparietal
Facial Bones of the Skull
Incisive, Maxilla, Nasal, Conchae (Turbinate), Lacrimal, Pterygoid, Palatine, Zygomatic, Mandible, Vomer
Paired Cranial Bones
Parietal, Frontal, Temporal, Occipital
Unpaired Cranial Bones
Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Interparietal
Paired Facial Bones
Incisive, Maxilla, Nasal, Conchae (Turbinate), Lacrimal, Pterygoid, Palatine, Zygomatic, Mandible
Unpaired Facial Bones
Vomer
What are the bones of the Axial Skeleton
Skull, Vertebral Column, Ribs, Sternum
well developed in avian but
rudimentary in mammals.
Coracoid
otherwise known as the blade bone.
Scapula
is a well-developed bone in avian otherwise known as Furcula or the wishbone while in mammals it is known to be
the collarbone.
Clavicle
It is the bone of the arm
Humerus
Distal to this is the radius and ulna
Humerus
It is the bone of the forearm
Radius and Ulna
Distal to this is the carpals
Radius and Ulna
Otherwise known as the Os coxae
Pelvic Girdle
3 bones of Os coxae are the ?
ilium, pubis, and ischium
It is the bone of the thigh.
Femur
Ventral to femur is the tibia and fibula.
Femur
These are the bones of the crus or the true leg of animals which has two bones.
Tibia and Fibula
Distal to it are the Tarsal, Metatarsals and
phalanges.
Tibia and Fibula
it is a scroll of bones located inside the maxilla
Concha (Turbinates)
Also known as the malar or jugal bone
Zygomatic
which forms the bone of the lower jaw
Mandible
Caudal aspect articulates with the temporal bone
Mandible
Segments of the Vertebral Column
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Caudal
It is the first cervical bone
Atlas
There is a presence of fovea dentis
Atlas
Presence of alar wing
Atlas
Marked by the odontoid process which articulates with fovea dentis
Axis
Carpal bones: Proximal row
− Radial carpal – scaphoid
− Ulnar carpal – triquetrum
− Accessory carpal – Pisiforme
Carpal bones: Distal row
− Carpal I - Trapezium
− Carpal II – Trapezoideum
− Carpal III – Os capitatum
− Carpal IV – Os hamatum
Tarsal bones: Proximal row
− Tibial tarsal – Talus
− Fibular tarsal – Calcaneus
− Central tarsal – Navicular
Tarsal bones: Distal row
Tarsal I – Os cuneiform mediale
− Tarsal II – Os cuneiform intermedium
− Tarsal III – Os cuneiform laterale
− Tarsal IV – Os cuboideum
Radial carpal other term
scaphoid
Ulnar carpal other term
triquetrum
Accessory carpal other term
Pisiforme
Carpal I other term
Trapezium
Carpal II other term
Trapezoideum
Carpal III other term
Os capitatum
Carpal IV other term
Os hamatum
Tibial tarsal other term
Talus
Fibular tarsal other term
Calcaneus
Central tarsal other term
Navicular
Tarsal I other term
Os Cuneiform Mediale
Tarsal II other term
Os Cuneiform intermedium
Tarsal III other term
Os Cuneiform laterale
Tarsal IV other term
Os Cuboideum
