Midterm - Week 4 Flashcards
T/F one complete gait cycle is heel contact on one foot until heel contact with the other foot
FALSE
Heel contact on one foot until heel contact on that SAME foot
Stride: events taking place between successive heel contacts of the (same foot/opposite feet)?
Same
*synonymous with gait cycle
Step: events taking place between successive heel contacts of (same foot/ opposite feet)?
Opposite
Step with is the lateral distance between heel centers of two consecutive foot contacts. It is ____ cm on average
8-10
Foot flare/angle is the angle between the line of progression of the body and the long axis of the foot. _____ degrees is normal when walking. The ______ muscle is the main foot flare muscle
5-7
Piriformis
(Increased stress/inefficient) —> injury?
Increased stress
(Increased stress/ inefficient) —> increased muscle work and decreased stride length
Inefficient
Normal Walking Speed: one gait cycle typically takes slightly more than 1
second and covers ~4.5 feet. Walking speed is normally about ____ mph
3
What are two ways to increase walking speed
- Increase the stride or step length
2. Increase the cadence
The stance phase is also the _____ phase. It is from______ to _____ in a _____ kinetic chain.
Support
Footstrike —> toe-off
Closed
The swing phase is also the ______ phase. It is from _______ to ______ in a _______ kinetic chain
Recovery
Toe off —> footstrike
Open
Walking is ____% stance phase and _____% swing
60% stance 40% swing
Running is ___% stance and ___% swing
40% stance 60% swing
What feature is in walking gait and not running? What is in running and not walking?
Double support
Float
What are the three division of the stance phase and what percent are they?
- contact or heel strike (25%)
- mid-stance or mid-support (50%)
- takeoff or propulsive (25%)
In the contact/foot-strike the COG is _____ to the stance foot. This serves what two functions?
Posterior
- Absorbs shock
- Adapts foot to the ground
The foot lands ___ degrees supinated when walking. The ideal pronation ROM is ____ degrees. The ankle plantar flexes ____ degrees. The. Tibia and femur internally rotate as the knee flexes to ___ degrees of flexion
2
6-10
10-15
15-20
What four movements occur with pronation at foot-strike?
- Eversion of calcaneus to talus and foot
- Abduction of foot and the calcaneus to talus
- dorsiflexion of calcaneus relative to talus
- Tibia and femur internally rotate
In a rearfoot striker, the foot/talus planter flexes (before/after) the hell initially strikes the ground
After
In a rearfoot striker, the ______ muscle eccentrically controls plantar flexion at the ankle joint & pronation of the foot
Tibialis anterior
Which kind of striker is during walking, jogging, slow running? Which is during fast running?
Rearfoot striker
Forefoot striker
In forefoot/mid-foot striker, the foot ______ after the metatarsal heads first strike the ground
Dorsiflexes
In mid-foot/forefoot strikers, the _____ muscle eccentrically controls dorsiflexion. The ________ control pronation
- Gastric-soleus
- Tibialis anterior & posterior
This results in more inertia and an increased risk of injury*
In midstance, the COG is ________ the stance limb.
Directly over
In midstance, the foot is ______ relative to neutral
Pronated
At the end of midstance phase, the foot begins to _________
Supinate
*foot becomes a rigid lever
What four movements occur at the end of midstance after supination?
- Inversion fo calcaneus
- Addiction of calcaneus
- Plantar flexion of calcaneus
- Tibia and femur extend and externally rotate
In midstance the leg is in single support and the ______ muscle is at it’s max workload to keep the pelvis level
Gluteus medius
In the takeoff, the COG is _____ to the stance foot
Anterior
In the take-off, the _____ muscle rapidly inverts the calcaneus. This helps to lengthen the leg so opposing limb does not hit ground (a rigid lever)
Tibialis posterior
During take-off, weight on the plantar surface shifts ______ across the metatarsal break
Medially
During take-off the ankle plantar flexes to ___ degrees
20
Slight ______ occurs at the end of take-off
Pronation
The ____ ray is the most important to forefoot control just prior to toe off
1st
During take-off the femur ______ rotates and the tibia ____ rotates to unlock the knee. The knee flexes to ____ degrees
Externally
Internally
35-40
During take-off, the ______ muscle lifts cuboid and lateral foot & depresses and planter flexes first ray
Peroneus longus
What is the effect of a hypomobile 1st metatarsal?
Can lead to late pronation and hallux valgus
Bunion
Lateral toe callus formation
What are the three swing phases and what percent are they?
- initial swing r follow through (33%)
- mid-swing or forward/anterior swing (33%)
- terminal or foot descent (33%)
In the initial swing, knee flexes ____ degrees while tibia internally rotates, hip extends ____ degrees and externally rotates ___ degrees. Hip flexors eccentrically _______. Ankle starts in ___ degrees plantarflexion and ends in neutral
40-60 10 20 Decelerate 20
In walking, there is ____ intial swing compared to running
Less
During initial swing of walking, the opposite limb is in _______. In running, the opposite limb is in _____
Mid-stance
Mid-late swing
In early mid-swing the “bowling ball effect” occurs when the ________ contract to accelerate the leg
Hip flexors
In late mid-swing, the knee flexes to ___degrees via sartorius and then extends to ___degrees via quads
60
30
In late mid-swing the _______ and _____ eccentrically slow the forward swinging limb
Gluteals and hamstrings
In late mid-swing, the foot goes from neutral to slightly _____ to prevent contact with the ground. This is due to contraction of ______. There is _____cm clearance between the toe and the ground
Dorsiflexed
Tibialis anterior
0.8-0.9 (decreases in elderly which increases the risk of fall)
In terminal swing, the hip begins in _____ degrees of flexion with knee extended
25-30
In terminal swing the _______ accelerate limb backwards
Hip extensors and knee flexors
In terminal swing the _____ are at greatest tension, thus their flexibility and strength is correlated to risk of injury
Hamstrings
