Midterm - Week 4

Question 1

T/F one complete gait cycle is heel contact on one foot until heel contact with the other foot

Answer 1

FALSE

Heel contact on one foot until heel contact on that SAME foot

Question 2

Stride: events taking place between successive heel contacts of the (same foot/opposite feet)?

Answer 2

Same

*synonymous with gait cycle

Question 3

Step: events taking place between successive heel contacts of (same foot/ opposite feet)?

Answer 3

Opposite

Question 4

Step with is the lateral distance between heel centers of two consecutive foot contacts. It is ____ cm on average

Answer 4

8-10

Question 5

Foot flare/angle is the angle between the line of progression of the body and the long axis of the foot. _____ degrees is normal when walking. The ______ muscle is the main foot flare muscle

Answer 5

5-7

Piriformis

Question 6

(Increased stress/inefficient) —> injury?

Answer 6

Increased stress

Question 7

(Increased stress/ inefficient) —> increased muscle work and decreased stride length

Answer 7

Inefficient

Question 8

Normal Walking Speed: one gait cycle typically takes slightly more than 1
second and covers ~4.5 feet. Walking speed is normally about ____ mph

Answer 8

3

Question 9

What are two ways to increase walking speed

Answer 9

1. Increase the stride or step length

2. Increase the cadence

Question 10

The stance phase is also the _____ phase. It is from______ to _____ in a _____ kinetic chain.

Answer 10

Support
Footstrike —> toe-off
Closed

Question 11

The swing phase is also the ______ phase. It is from _______ to ______ in a _______ kinetic chain

Answer 11

Recovery
Toe off —> footstrike
Open

Question 12

Walking is ____% stance phase and _____% swing

Answer 12

60% stance 40% swing

Question 13

Running is ___% stance and ___% swing

Answer 13

40% stance 60% swing

Question 14

What feature is in walking gait and not running? What is in running and not walking?

Answer 14

Double support

Float

Question 15

What are the three division of the stance phase and what percent are they?

Answer 15

• contact or heel strike (25%)
• mid-stance or mid-support (50%)
• takeoff or propulsive (25%)

Question 16

In the contact/foot-strike the COG is _____ to the stance foot. This serves what two functions?

Answer 16

Posterior

1. Absorbs shock
2. Adapts foot to the ground

Question 17

The foot lands ___ degrees supinated when walking. The ideal pronation ROM is ____ degrees. The ankle plantar flexes ____ degrees. The. Tibia and femur internally rotate as the knee flexes to ___ degrees of flexion

Answer 17

2
6-10
10-15
15-20

Question 18

What four movements occur with pronation at foot-strike?

Answer 18

1. Eversion of calcaneus to talus and foot
2. Abduction of foot and the calcaneus to talus
3. dorsiflexion of calcaneus relative to talus
4. Tibia and femur internally rotate

Question 19

In a rearfoot striker, the foot/talus planter flexes (before/after) the hell initially strikes the ground

Answer 19

After

Question 20

In a rearfoot striker, the ______ muscle eccentrically controls plantar flexion at the ankle joint & pronation of the foot

Answer 20

Tibialis anterior

Question 21

Which kind of striker is during walking, jogging, slow running? Which is during fast running?

Answer 21

Rearfoot striker

Forefoot striker

Question 22

In forefoot/mid-foot striker, the foot ______ after the metatarsal heads first strike the ground

Answer 22

Dorsiflexes

Question 23

In mid-foot/forefoot strikers, the _____ muscle eccentrically controls dorsiflexion. The ________ control pronation

Answer 23

• Gastric-soleus
• Tibialis anterior & posterior

This results in more inertia and an increased risk of injury*

Question 24

In midstance, the COG is ________ the stance limb.

Answer 24

Directly over

Question 25

In midstance, the foot is ______ relative to neutral

Answer 25

Pronated

Question 26

At the end of midstance phase, the foot begins to _________

Answer 26

Supinate

*foot becomes a rigid lever

Question 27

What four movements occur at the end of midstance after supination?

Answer 27

1. Inversion fo calcaneus
2. Addiction of calcaneus
3. Plantar flexion of calcaneus
4. Tibia and femur extend and externally rotate

Question 28

In midstance the leg is in single support and the ______ muscle is at it’s max workload to keep the pelvis level

Answer 28

Gluteus medius

Question 29

In the takeoff, the COG is _____ to the stance foot

Answer 29

Anterior

Question 30

In the take-off, the _____ muscle rapidly inverts the calcaneus. This helps to lengthen the leg so opposing limb does not hit ground (a rigid lever)

Answer 30

Tibialis posterior

Question 31

During take-off, weight on the plantar surface shifts ______ across the metatarsal break

Answer 31

Medially

Question 32

During take-off the ankle plantar flexes to ___ degrees

Answer 32

20

Question 33

Slight ______ occurs at the end of take-off

Answer 33

Pronation

Question 34

The ____ ray is the most important to forefoot control just prior to toe off

Answer 34

1st

Question 35

During take-off the femur ______ rotates and the tibia ____ rotates to unlock the knee. The knee flexes to ____ degrees

Answer 35

Externally
Internally
35-40

Question 36

During take-off, the ______ muscle lifts cuboid and lateral foot & depresses and planter flexes first ray

Answer 36

Peroneus longus

Question 37

What is the effect of a hypomobile 1st metatarsal?

Answer 37

Can lead to late pronation and hallux valgus
Bunion
Lateral toe callus formation

Question 38

What are the three swing phases and what percent are they?

Answer 38

• initial swing r follow through (33%)
• mid-swing or forward/anterior swing (33%)
• terminal or foot descent (33%)

Question 39

In the initial swing, knee flexes ____ degrees while tibia internally rotates, hip extends ____ degrees and externally rotates ___ degrees. Hip flexors eccentrically _______. Ankle starts in ___ degrees plantarflexion and ends in neutral

Answer 39

40-60
10
20
Decelerate 
20

Question 40

In walking, there is ____ intial swing compared to running

Answer 40

Less

Question 41

During initial swing of walking, the opposite limb is in _______. In running, the opposite limb is in _____

Answer 41

Mid-stance

Mid-late swing

Question 42

In early mid-swing the “bowling ball effect” occurs when the ________ contract to accelerate the leg

Answer 42

Hip flexors

Question 43

In late mid-swing, the knee flexes to ___degrees via sartorius and then extends to ___degrees via quads

Answer 43

60

30

Question 44

In late mid-swing the _______ and _____ eccentrically slow the forward swinging limb

Answer 44

Gluteals and hamstrings

Question 45

In late mid-swing, the foot goes from neutral to slightly _____ to prevent contact with the ground. This is due to contraction of ______. There is _____cm clearance between the toe and the ground

Answer 45

Dorsiflexed
Tibialis anterior
0.8-0.9 (decreases in elderly which increases the risk of fall)

Question 46

In terminal swing, the hip begins in _____ degrees of flexion with knee extended

Answer 46

25-30

Question 47

In terminal swing the _______ accelerate limb backwards

Answer 47

Hip extensors and knee flexors

Question 48

In terminal swing the _____ are at greatest tension, thus their flexibility and strength is correlated to risk of injury

Answer 48

Hamstrings