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Extremity Biomechanics > Final - Overhand Throw > Flashcards

Final - Overhand Throw Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 phase of pitch?

A
  1. Wind up/ stride phase
  2. Early cocking
  3. Late cocking (acceleration 1)
  4. Acceleration (acceleration 2)
  5. Deceleration/follow through
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2
Q

Which phase has the maximum ER of the shoulder/

A

Late cocking

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3
Q

Which phase occurs until the lead foot contact the mound

A

Early cocking

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4
Q

Which phase is the lead leg at its highest point?

A

Wind-up

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5
Q

Wind-up/ stride phase starts with both feet planted. Then, pivot on _____ leg and kick with _____ leg

A

Ipsilateral
Contralateral

*pitcher keeps COG over back leg

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6
Q

T/F wind-up/stride phase has a low injury risk

A

T

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7
Q

Which phase occurs from the time the lead leg reaches its max height to the point it contacts the ground?

A

Early cocking

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8
Q

In the early cocking phase the :

  1. Pelvic _____
  2. Low back ______
  3. Stance leg glut max _____
  4. Deltoid ___
  5. Supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor initiate____
  6. Elbow is ___
A
  1. tilts and rotates
  2. slightly arched/extended
  3. fires
  4. abducts GH
  5. GH ER and position humeral head on glenoid fossa
  6. Flexed
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9
Q

In the early cocking phase, which muscle is the most important scapular stabilizer?

A

Serratus anterior

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10
Q

T/F there is a high injury risk in early cocking phase?

A

F - low

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11
Q

Which phase is between the lead foot contact with the ground and the point of maximum ER of the the throwing shoulder?

A

Late cocking

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12
Q

In the late cocking phase, winding up the spring (increases/decreases) potential energy

A

Increases

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13
Q

The the later cocking phase the legs and the torso transfer energy to where?

A

Up to the throwing arm

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14
Q

In late cocking, the:

  1. pelvic reaches max _____
  2. ____ muscles retract scap
  3. ____ muscles abduct and ER the humerus
  4. ____ muscle abducts and compresses the humerus
  5. _____ muscles concentrically bring arm into horizontal adduction
  6. Peak _____ activity is reached with elbow flexion and humeral head compression into the GH fossa
A
  1. Rotation
  2. Rhomboids, levator, trap
  3. Infraspinatus, teres minor
  4. Supraspinatus
  5. Anterior deltoid and pec major
  6. Biceps
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15
Q

The late cocking phase has the maximum (valgus/varus) force at the elbow

A

Valgus

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16
Q

Elbow injuries most often happen at what phase?

A

Max valgus force in late cocking phase

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17
Q

What are the final arm positions in the late cocking phase for

  1. elbow flexion
  2. Shoulder ER
  3. Shoulder abduction
  4. Shoulder horizontal adduction
A
  1. 95 degrees
  2. 165-175
  3. 90-95
  4. 10-20
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18
Q

Which phase is from the max ER to the ball release

A

Acceleration phase

19
Q 
During the acceleration phases the:
1. \_\_\_ muscles contralaterally flex and rotate the torso 
2. \_\_\_ muscles protracts 
Scap
3. \_\_\_\_\_ muscles IR the GH
A
  1. Rectus abdominal, obliques, lumbar paraspinals
  2. Serratus anterior
  3. Subscap, pec major, lat dorsi
20
Q

Which phase does serratus anterior reach it’s max activity

A

Acceleration

21
Q

T/F the subscap, pec major and lat dorsi reach their max activity in acceleration phase

A

T

22
Q

During the acceleration phase, humerus goes from ____ degrees ER to ____ degrees IR in ____ msec

A

175
100
42-58

23
Q

In the acceleration phase the forearm and hand are (ahead/behind) the GH IR

A

Behind

*whip-like motion

24
Q

During the acceleration phase, the elbow extension occurs from what?

A

The force of torso rotation and concentric action of triceps

25
Q

During acceleration phase, the forearm pronates to ___ degrees

A

90

26
Q

The wrist is _____ when the ball leaves the hand

A

Neutral

27
Q

Which have occurs from ball release until motion is ceased

A

Deceleration and follow through

28
Q

During the deceleration phase, _x inertia is required. This occurs in / time of acceleration

A

2x

1/2

29
Q

Which phase is the most violent phase of throwing?

A

Deceleration and follow through

30
Q

The increased chance of injury in the deceleration and follow through phase is due to what 2 things?

A
  • Joint loading

- Rapid deceleration of throwing motion

31
Q

During the deceleration phase, there is (increased,decreased) distraction of GH joint accompanied by horizontal adduction

A

Increased

32
Q

During deceleration phase, the muscle pull of movement causes ___cm gap in GH joint

A

> 2.5cm

33
Q

The deceleration phase is resisted by

A

Posterior rotator cuff and anterior GH ligaments

Teres major, infra, posterior deltoid

34
Q

Teres minor is highly active in resisting ______, horizontal ______, and (IR/ER)

A
  • Anterior humeral head translation
  • horizontal adduction
  • IR
35
Q

What is one of the most commonly injured muscles with throwing

A

Teres minor

36
Q

During deceleration, the ____ muscles help stabilize scapula

A

Trap, rhomboids, serratus

37
Q

During deceleration phase, the ___ muscles rapidly decelerate the elbow and pronating forearm

A

Biceps and brachialis

38
Q

During deceleration, the body falls forward and the stance limb pivots at the ___

A

Hip

39
Q

What phase do the most injuries occur

A

Deceleration

40
Q

What is the injury risk in the wind-up phase?

A

None

41
Q

What is the injury risk in the late cocking phase?

A

Shoulder impingement, Bankart lesion, ulnar nerve, rotator cuff Nd pec major under high tension

42
Q

What is the injury risk of the acceleration phase?

A

Grinding of labrum, elbow valgus stress (MCL, ulnar n., etc)

43
Q

What is the injury risk of the deceleration phase?

A

Cuff traction (tears), SLAP, Bankart, traction on suprascapular n.

Extremity Biomechanics (9 decks)

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